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Medieval Europe

Medieval Europe. 900 to 1200. Political revival in western Europe . The decline of invasions and civil disorder In French Normandy the dukes Rollo and William made Normandy a strong territory. In England, the victory of Alfred of Wessex over the Danes in 878 slowly led to English unity.

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Medieval Europe

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  1. Medieval Europe 900 to 1200

  2. Political revival in western Europe • The decline of invasions and civil disorder • In French Normandy the dukes Rollo and William made Normandy a strong territory. • In England, the victory of Alfred of Wessex over the Danes in 878 slowly led to English unity. • Otto's coronation in 962 laid the foundation for the future Holy Roman Empire.

  3. France • Medieval France was an area of diverse languages and cultures, with the northern counties being the center of French feudalism, and with the king of France king in name only. • The nobles elected Hugh Capet king in 987, laying the foundation for future political stability.

  4. Rollo was given more land in return for allegiance to the king; Rollo and his men became Christianized • Duke William, his successor, was successful in defeating King Henry, united his Norman nobility, and built many castles at his frontier.

  5. England • The Dane Canute became King of England and made England part of a large Scandinavian empire. • Danish-Viking assimilation with Anglo-Saxon culture in England was furthered by King Edward the Confessor. • William of Normandy defeats King Harold in 1066 beginning Norman rule of England.

  6. Germany • The German king Otto halted the Magyars in 955. • The base of Otto's power was his alliance with the church, which he used to weaken the feudal lords. • The Italian cities of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa broke Muslim control of Mediterranean trade and experienced great economic growth

  7. The economic importance of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa became a reason for power struggles between the pope and the German Empire

  8. Church Revival • The monastic revival • Monastic activity had declined as the Carolingian Empire disintegrated. • The abbey of Cluny led the way in a tenth century monastic revival. • The Cluniac reform spread throughout Europe.

  9. The reform of the papacy • The tenth century papacy was corrupt and materialistic and provided little leadership to the people of Europe. • Leo IX made the first sweeping reforms. • The Gregorian revolution in church reform • This controversy over investiture provoked a terrible crisis.

  10. The controversy over lay investiture • The church outlawed the widespread practice of lay investiture (the appointment of church officials by secular authority) in 1075. • Kings disliked this new rule because they used church officials, like monks and bishops, to run state government for free. • Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire protested Pope Gregory's stand on investiture

  11. Henry scored a temporary victory by submission to the pope at Canossa in 1077. • In 1122, the lay investiture controversy was finally settled in a conference at Worms • In the long run, the investiture crisis perpetuated the political division of Germany.

  12. The Crusades of the eleventh and twelfth centuries • The Crusades reflected papal influence in society and the church's new understanding of the noble warrior class. • The Crusades, or holy wars, to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims grew out of the ChristianMuslim conflict in Spain. • Many knights participated in the Crusades, which manifested both the religious and chivalric ideals of medieval society.

  13. The papacy saw a holy war as a way to increase its power and influence--at home and in the East. • The Crusades began with Pope Urban II's plea in 1095 for a crusade to take Jerusalem from the Turks. • The Crusades offered a variety of opportunities for many people.

  14. Religious convictions inspired many. • The lure of foreign travel and excitement was also strong. • The Crusades also gave kings an opportunity to get rid of troublesome knights. • The Crusades encouraged prejudice against European Jews.

  15. The First Crusade (1096) was marked by disputes among the great lords and much starvation and disease. • The Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099. • Crusader kingdoms were founded in Jerusalem, Edessa, Tripoli, and Antioch.

  16. There were eight papally approved expeditions to the East between 1096 and 1270, but none of the later ones accomplished much. • The Third Crusade was precipitated by the recapture of Jerusalem in 1187. • The Fourth Crusade made the split between the Western and Eastern churches permanent when the Crusaders sacked Byzantium.

  17. Crusades were also fought against the heretical Albegensians and against Emperor Frederick II. • A crusading religious order, the Knights Templars, waged war against pagans in eastern Europe and established a Christian Prussia. • Some women, such as Eleanor of Aquitaine, went on Crusades, while many found that the Crusades brought new economic opportunities.

  18. The Crusades brought few cultural changes, since strong economic and intellectual ties with the East had already been made. • The long struggle between Christians and Muslims left a legacy of deep bitterness. • However, the Christian West benefited from commercial contact with the Middle East.

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