Teirra brooks

2. Teirra brooks

3. Background… • Linda Brown, an African American third grader from Topeka, Kansas,had to walk one mile every day to get to a “black school”. • Even though there was a "white elementary school" only seven blocks away.

4. Taking it to court… • This is how the Brown vs. Board of Education lawsuit was started in 1951. Linda’s father, Oliver Brown, and thirteen other parents tried to enroll their children in the local "white schools" in the summer of 1950, but were turned down because they were African Americans. • They were told they must attend one of the four schools in the city for African American children.

5. The results… • These parents filed suit against the Topeka Board of Education for their children. • After three long years the case finally ended on May 17, 1954 with the court finding in favor of Linda Brown and the other African American children like her..

6. Emmett Till • At the age of 14 Till traveled from his home town of Chicago to Money, Mississippi to visit relatives. • He was not accustomed to the severe segregation he experienced while in Mississippi. • While befriending local boys, Till showed them a picture of a white girl from back home that he claimed to be his girlfriend. The boys in disbelief dared Till to go into a store and talk to the white woman. He went in, bought some candy, and on the way out he said “bye baby”.

7. A few days later, two men kidnapped Till from his uncle’s cabin in the middle of the night. Till’s body was found three days later in the Tallahatchie River. • Till’s body was so badly beaten it was almost unrecognizable. • The news of this horrific murder spread and people were outraged at the crime. • At the time it was hard to find people willing to testify against the white men. It was unheard of for a black person to accuse a white person of committing a crime. Finally, Till’s uncle testified against the men. Murderers Roy Bryant – store owner J.W. Milam – Brother-in-law

8. The courage of Till’s uncle encouraged other blacks to testify against Bryant and Milam. • Defense attorney John C. Whitten influenced the jury to free the men. • The jurors deliberated and came back with a verdict of “not guilty” • The Emmett Till case proved that violence in the south could affect them in the North. “Have you ever sent a loved son on vacation and had him returned to you in a pine box so horribly battered and water-logged that someone needs to tell you this sickening sight is your son – lynched?” – Mamie Bradley

9. Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks made one of the most significant civil rights stands of all time on December 1, 1955, in Montgomery Alabama. Parks refused to give up her seat to white passengers and move to the back of the bus. The driver had her arrested and she was fined ten dollars. She wasn’t the first to be arrested for this but was the first well known figure in the community to be. She had once been the secretary to the president of the NAACP. DR. Martin Luther King Jr., the local pastor in Montgomery felt a protest was needed and the buss line was boycotted. After a year of tension in the community the boycott worked and the supreme court ruled the segregation on buses illegal.

10. Going For A ride Rosa Parks bus strike inmate

11. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • Established in 1957 • Original name was the Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Non-violent integration. • Developed after Montgomery Bus Boycott • Leader was Martin Luther King Jr • The main goal of the SCLC was to advance the cause of civil rights in America in a non-violent way.

12. SCLC Significance • They battled for the rights of African Americans, especially throughout the south • Preformed many sit-ins, rallies and marches to for desegregation in public places, voter registration drives, and boycotts against stores who wouldn’t desegregate • Their marches are credited with hastening the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Organized the March on Washington • Very strong organization until the • death of MLK

13. Little Rock central high school The historic Brown vs Board of Education case declared segregation unconstitutional in 1954. By 1957, the NAACP had registered nine black students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High; however, these nine were “greeted” by 1,000 violent, white protestors. LRCHS was the focal point of the Little Rock Integration Crisis of 1957. Nine African-American students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were denied entrance to the school in defiance of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of public schools.

14. This event, watched by the nation and world, was the site of the first important test for the implementation of the U.S. Supreme Court’s historic Brown vs Board of Education decision of 1954 The Little Rock Central High crisis is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.

15. Motown1959-present

16. Important People ♫ Berry Bordy founded Motown records. He was born on November 28th, 1929 in Detroit, Michigan. He is now 82 years old. ♫ Stevie Wonder was born on May 13th, 1950 in Saginaw, Michigan. He is now 61 years old. ♫ Marvin Gaye was born on April 2nd, 1939 in Washington, DC. ♫ Debbie Dean was born on February 1st, 1928 in Corbin, Kentucky. She was Motown's first white female solo recording artist. She died on February 17th, 2001. ♫ Sondra “Blinky” Williams was born on May 21st, 1944 in Los Angeles, California. She is 67 years old today.

17. Motown is a record label that was founded by Berry Gordy. Motown is also the first black owned record company. It populized soul music.

18. The Greensboro Sit-In On February 1, 1960, four students from the North Carolina Agriculture and Technical school sat down at the lunch counter inside the Woolworth's on 132 South Elm Street in Greensboro, North Carolina. The four asked for service and promptly denied by the lunch counter staff, as store policy only served white men at the lunch counter. The store manager asked the four to leave immediately. The next day, more than twenty African American students who had been recruited from other campus groups came to the store to join the sit-in. White customers cursed and aggravated the black students, who read books and studied to keep busy. The lunch counter staff continued to refuse service. Newspaper reporters and a TV Videographer covered the second day of peaceful demonstrations and others in the community learned of the protests. On the third day, more than 60 people came to the Woolworth's store. A statement issued by Woolworth's national headquarters said the company would "abide by local custom" and maintain its segregated policy. The fourth day, word spread and peaceful protests began at Greensboro’s Kress Store, with more than 300 protesters showing up. The movement then spread to other Southern cities such as Richmond, VA and Nashville, Tennessee.

19. The Four who started it All • Jibreel Khazan (Ezell Blair Jr.) - Graduated from Dundley High School in 1959 and received a bachelor of science degree in sociology from N.C. A&T in 1963 • Franklin Eugene McCain - He graduated from Washington’s Eastern High School in 1959. He received a bachelor’s degree in chemistry and biology from N.C. A&T in 1964. • Joseph Alfred McNeil - A Wilmington native, he graduated from Williston Senior High. McNeil received a degree in engineering physics from A&T in 1963. His roommate was Ezell Blair Jr. • David Leinail Richmond - Richmond grew up in the East White Oak community and attended Jonesboro Elementary and Lincoln Street Junior High and graduated from Dudley High School. -At N.C. A&T, he majored in business administration and accounting but left the school three credits short of his degree.

20. Others that helped them succeed. • Ralph Johns - He opened a clothing store on East Market Street, which attracted many A&T students as customers, including the Greensboro Four. He is thought to have encouraged the students to challenge segregation and to have tipped off the press on the first day of the sit-ins at Woolworth. • Dr. George Simkins Jr. - Longtime civil rights activist and Greensboro dentist, he was president of the local NAACP chapter from 1959 until 1984. In 1955, he and several other black men were arrested for trespassing after they played nine holes at the all-white, municipal Gillespie Park Golf Course. • Charles O. Bess - Former busboy at Woolworth's. Worked the day of the original sit-ins and throughout the sit-ins at Woolworth. • Rev. Cecil Bishop - Former chairman of the Greensboro Human Relations Commission and was active for 15 years in the civil rights movement. • Ima Edwards - When she retired in 1993 from Woolworth, she was one of only two employees still working at the South Elm store who was there on Feb. 1, 1960. At the time of the sit-ins, Edwards ran the bakery counter. • Clarence L. “Curly” Harris - Manager of the Woolworth Store during the sit-ins.

21. Started by a group called the Nashville Student Group They were women and men of different races against segregation The group started with desegregating restaurants and movie theaters The group traveled to the deep South in hopes of challenging the Jim Crow laws. Freedom Riders

22. The people who were a part of the Freedom Rides boarded buses and traveled down South. Blacks and whites sat beside each other which was considered a crime in the South. There were many violent attacks targeting the Freedom Riders. The Freedom Riders were arrested and sent to Parchman Farm. Freedom Riders

23. James Meredith (1933- ) • First African American student to attend the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) • Meredith’s struggle to be accepted is a key benchmark in the Civil Rights movement • Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent in federal marshals as escorts for Meredith • In riots that followed, 160 marshals were wounded; two bystanders were killed • Meredith graduated from Ole Miss in 1964 • He wrote Three Years in Mississippi (1966) about his experiences

24. James Meredith • In 1966 Meredith began a solitary March Against Fear, from Memphis, TN, to Jackson, MS, to protest racism • A white man shot him with a 16-gauge shotgun! • Other Civil Rights leaders – including Martin Luther King and Stokely Carmichael – continued Meredith’s march for him • Meredith recovered and rejoined the March in time to arrive successfully in Jackson

25. James Meredith • Meredith studied in Nigeria and at Columbia University in New York • In the late 1960s Meredith became a stockbroker and dropped out of the Civil Rights movement • He grew more conservative and joined the Republican Party; he ran unsuccessfully for office • Meredith still travels the world, has published 16 books, and runs the Meredith Institute

26. Project C This was the plan made by Martin Luther King Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders to stage sit-ins, boycotts, marches, and other demonstrations in non-violent ways. The “C” stands for Confrontation The demonstrations were aimed at stores that supported and implemented segregation

27. Continued After their list of demands, which included the desegregation of stores and restrooms, was denied there were sit-ins held for three days. Police used brutal force on the protesters, which included: being beat by night sticks, being attacked by vicious dogs, and being sprayed by high powered hoses. King was arrested and was put in jail after the demonstration.

28. Protesters being attacked by dogs Being sprayed by high powered hoses ^ < King in the police station after he is arrested

29. Medgar Evers: Background Info • Dealt with racism as a child • Served during WWII • He attended Alcorn College (1948-1952) • married fellow college student Myrlie Beasley in 1951.

30. Medgar Evers: Civil Rights • first National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) field secretary in Mississippi • led efforts to help James Meredith integrate the University of Mississippi in 1962 • after midnight on June 12, 1963, Medgar Evers was shot in the back as he stepped out of his car

31. Letter From Birmingham • April 16, 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama • Written by civil rights activist, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. while in Birmingham Jail after reading a newspaper article “A Call to Unity” • MLK was arrested after a non-violent campaign for ending racial segregation • Addresses to 8 of MLK’s fellow clergymen of the state of Birmingham of “unjust” laws

32. Letter from Birmingham….continued Shapes a voice for African Americans that they will no longer “Negotiate” Black organizations insist on taking direct action to advocate their movement (marches, sit-in strikes, parades, etc.)

33. March on Washington

34. August 28, 1963 250,000 people March led by Martin Luther King Jr. a civil rights activist who believed in civil disobedience to protest racial inequalities of African-American’s. Led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964

35. “I have a dream….” • The most memorable moment that was taken from the march was the moving speech that Dr. King delivered on the Lincoln Memorial • I have a dream....

36. Birmingham Bombing The 16th street Baptist Church was used as a meeting place for Civil Rights, by leaders such as Martin Luther King. Tensions became high when the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) became involved in a campaign to register African Americans to vote in Birmingham. On Sunday, September 15, 1963 a white man placed a box under the 16th street church and at 10:22am the bomb exploded. The bomb killed four girls and injured 23 others.

37. Birmingham Bombing Robert Chambliss, member of the Ku Klux Klan Chambliss was arrested and charged with murder and possession of 122 sticks of dynamite with out a permit. Tried on October 8, 1963. Found not guilty of murder Was given a hundred dollar fine and 6 month jail sentence for the dynamite

38. Sidney Poitier

39. Born February 20, 1927 in Miami, Florida • His parents were both Bahamian • Found a place in acting after the Broadway production “Lysistrata” • Sidney was the first black actor to win an Academy Award for best actor • Many movies he starred in were The Defiant Ones,Lilies of the Field, To Sir, With Love, In the Heat of the Night, and Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner • In 2002, 38 years after receiving the Best Actor Award, Poitier was chosen to receive an Honorary Award • Since 1997 he has been the Bahamian ambassador to Japan

40. Sidney Poitier

41. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • Origins • On February 1, 1960, a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service • This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. • The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh two months later to coordinate these sit-ins, support their leaders, and publicize their activities. • SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support SNCC's work in the South

42. Activities • SNCC played a major role in many civil rights movement activities: • The sit-ins and freedom rides • The 1963 March on Washington • SNCC'smajor contribution was in its field work, organizing voter registration drives all over the South, especially in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. • In 1961 SNCC began expanding its activities from direct-action protests against segregation into other forms of organizing, most notably voter registration. • Ending • After the Democratic convention of 1964, the group began to split into two factions – one favoring a continuation of nonviolent, integration-oriented redress of grievances within the existing political system, and the other moving towards Black Power and revolutionary ideologies. In 1965 the white members were expelled.

43. Freedom Summer • Freedom Summer was a highly publicized campaign in the Deep South to register blacks to vote during the summer of 1964. • White local and state officials kept blacks from voting through formal methods, such as poll taxes and literacy tests, and through cruder methods of fear and intimidation. • The Freedom Summer campaign was organized by a coalition called the Mississippi Council.

44. Freedom Summer • The organization of the Mississippi Freedom Party (MFDP). • Officials established Freedom Schools in Mississippi. • Freedom School buildings and the activists homes were targeted by white supremacist groups. • Most infamous act of violence was the murder of three civil rights workers. • James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner.

45. FREEDOM sUMMER • The murders influenced national support for the Civil Rights Movement. • 1965 Voting Rights Act- federal legislation that outlawed the tactics Southern states had used to prevent blacks from voting. • "Before the 1964 project there were people that wanted change, but they hadn't dared to come out. After 1964 people began moving. To me it's one of the greatest things that ever happened in Mississippi.” –Fannie Lou Hamer • Freedom Summer left a positive legacy on America.

46. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Enacted July 2, 1964

47. Purpose? • Outlawed major forms of discrimination • Protected African-Americans and women • “Ended” racial segregation in the United States Illegal to discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.

48. Mississippi Burning: 1964 CORE, NAACP, SNCC organized their freedom campaign- concentrated in Mississippi Objective: to end political inequality of African Americans Also established 30 Freedom schools- targets for white mobs June 21, 1964: James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were all shot dead on the way home from visiting the site of a firebombing The FBI discovered the bodies, buried on Old Jolly Farm, on August, 1964

49. Mississippi Burning continued • October 13, 1964: James Jordan (KKK member) agreed to cooperate with the FBI in their investigation of the murders. • Impossible to try the men and get a conviction in front of a white Mississippi judge, so the government decided to charge 19 members of the mob with conspiring to deprive the three men of their civil rights (1870 law) • Judge William Cox dismissed 17 of the men, supreme court overruled and Mississippi Burning Trials started on October 11, 1967 • 7 of the of the 19 men were found guilty of depriving the three men of their civil rights. • On June 21st Edgar Ray Killen was found guilty of the man slaughter of the three men Sources: Spartacus.com and google images

50. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmAqrMtB-Qg