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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Gases. 11.1 Gases and Pressures. Define pressure, give units of pressure, and describe how pressure is measured. State the standard conditions of temperature and pressure and convert units of pressure.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Gases

  2. 11.1 Gases and Pressures • Definepressure, give units of pressure, and describe how pressure is measured. • State the standard conditions of temperature and pressure and convert units of pressure. • Use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to calculate partial pressures and total pressures.

  3. Pressure • Pressure (P): the force per unit area on a surface. • What causes pressure? •  collisions of the gas molecules with each other and with surfaces with which they come into contact. •  depends on volume, temperature, and the number of molecules present.

  4. Pressure Video

  5. Equation for Pressure Pressure = Force Area where P = Pressure, F = Force & A = Area • The SI unit for force is the Newton, (N): the force that will increase the speed of a one-kilogram mass by one meter per second each second that the force is applied.

  6. Calculating Force Consider a person with a mass of 51 kg. At Earth’s surface, gravity has an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. What is the value of force? Force = mass x acceleration Force = 51 kg × 9.8 m/s2 = 500 kg • m/s2 = 500 N

  7. Calculating Pressure • Pressure is force per unit area, so the pressure of a 500 N person on an area of the floor that is 325 cm2 is: 500 N ÷ 325 cm2 = 1.5 N/cm2  The greater the force on a given area, the greater the pressure.  The smaller the area is on which a given force acts, the greater the pressure.

  8. Relationship Between Pressure, Force and Area

  9. Measuring Pressure • barometer: device used to measure atmospheric pressure

  10. Units for Measuring Pressure • millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) • A pressure of 1 mm Hg is also called 1 torr in honor of Torricelli for his invention of the barometer. • torr • atmosphere of pressure(atm) • bar • pounds per square inch (psi) • Pascal (Pa) – SI Unit pressure exerted by a force of 1 N acting on an area of one square meter • kiloPascal (kPa) 1 atm = 101.3 kPa= 760 mmHg = 760 Torr

  11. Review- Units of Pressure

  12. Pressure Conversions The average atmospheric pressure in Denver, Colorado is 0.830 atm. Express this pressure in: a. millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and b. kilopascals (kPa) Given:atmospheric pressure = 0.830 atm Unknown: a. pressure in mm Hg b. pressure in kPa

  13. Pressure Conversions Answers A) B)

  14. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures • The pressure of each gas in a mixture is called the partial pressure. • John Dalton discovered that the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is independent of that exerted by other gases present. • Dalton’s law of partial pressures: the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas.

  15. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures • Dalton derived the following equation: PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + … Total Pressure = sum of pressures of each individual gas

  16. Partial Pressure Video

  17. Gases Collected by Water Displacement • Water molecules at the liquid surface evaporate and mix with the gas molecules. Water vapor, like other gases, exerts a pressure known as vapor pressure. • Gases produced in the laboratory are often collected over water. The gas produced by the reaction displaces the water in the reaction bottle.

  18. Particle Model for a Gas Collected Over Water

  19. Gases Collected by Water Displacement (ctd) • Step 1: Raise bottle until water level inside matches the water level outside. (Ptot = Patm) • Step 2: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures states: Patm = Pgas + PH2O To get Patm, record atmospheric pressure. • Step 3: look up the value of PH2Oat the temperature of the experiment in a table, you can then calculate Pgas.

  20. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Sample Problem KClO3decomposes and the oxygen gas was collected by water displacement. The barometric pressure and the temperature during the experiment were 731.0 torr and 20.0°C. respectively. What was the partial pressure of the oxygen collected? Given: PT = Patm= 731.0 torr PH2O = 17.5 torr(vapor pressure of water at 20.0°C, from table A-8 in your book) Patm = PO2+ PH2O Unknown:PO2in torr

  21. Dalton’s Law Sample Problem Solution • Solution: Patm = PO2+ PH2O PO2 = Patm- PH2O • substitute the given values of Patm and into the equation: PO2 =731.0 torr – 17.5 torr = 713.5 torr

  22. Mole Fractions (X) Mole fraction of a gas(XA) = mole fraction: ratio of the number of moles of one component of a mixture to the total number of moles Moles of gas A (nA) Total number of moles of a gas (ntot) Go To: Page 2 of Packet

  23. Calculating Partial Pressure Partial pressures can be determined from mole fractions using the following equation: PA= XAPT Go To: Page 3 of Packet

  24. 11.2 The Gas Laws • Use the kinetic-molecular theory to explain the relationships between gas volume, temperature and pressure. • Use Boyle’s law to calculate volume-pressure changes at constant temperature. • Use Charles’s law to calculate volume-temperature changes at constant pressure. • Use Gay-Lussac’s law to calculate pressure-temperature changes at constant volume. • Use the combined gas law to calculate volume-temperature-pressure changes.

  25. Boyle’s Law Constant: temperature, amount of gas • If you decrease the volume, what happens to the pressure? • If you increase the volume, what happens the pressure? • Pressure and volume are _____________ related.

  26. Boyle’s Law Video

  27. Boyle’s Law

  28. Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2

  29. Boyle’s Law Problem A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 150.0 mL when its pressure is 0.947 atm. What will the volume of the gas be at a pressure of 0.987 atm if the temperature remains constant? P1 = 0.947 atm P2 = 0.987 atm V1 = 150.0 mL V2 = ?

  30. Boyle’s Law Problem Solution

  31. Charles’ Law Constant: pressure, amount of gas • If you increase the temperature of a gas, what will happen to the volume? • If you decrease the temperature of gas, what will happen to the volume? • Volume and temperature are ______________ related.

  32. Charles’ Law Video

  33. Charles’ Law

  34. Temperature • Units: Farenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin • absolute zero: when all motion stops • K = 273 + °C.

  35. Charles’ Law

  36. Charles’ Law Problem A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 752 mL at 25°C. What volume will the gas occupy at 50°C if the pressure remains constant? Temperature must be in KELVIN!!! V1 = 752 mL V2 = ? T1 = 25°C T2 = 50°C

  37. Charles’ Law Sample Problem Solution

  38. Gay-Lussac’s Law Constant: volume, amount of gas • If you increase the temperature of a gas what will happen to the pressure? • If you decrease the temperature of gas what will happen to the pressure? • Pressure and temperature are _____________ related.

  39. GL Law Video

  40. Gay-Lussac’s Law

  41. Gay-Lussac’s Law

  42. Gay-Lussac’s Law Problem The gas in a container is at a pressure of 3.00 atm at 25°C. Directions on the container warn the user not to keep it in a place where the temperature exceeds 52°C. What would the gas pressure in the container be at 52°C? Temperature must be in KELVIN!!! P1 = 3.00 atm P2 = ? T1 = 25°C T2 = 52°C

  43. Gay-Lussac’s Law Problem Solution P2 = P1T2 = (3.00 atm) (325 K) = 3.27 atm T1 298 K

  44. Summary of the Basic Gas Laws

  45. The Combined Gas Law Constant: amount of gas • combined gas law: used when pressure, temperature, and volume change within a system NOTE: P & V are directly related to T, while P is inversely related to V

  46. Combined Gas Law Problem A helium-filled balloon has a volume of 50.0 L at 25.0°C and 1.08 atm. What volume will it have at 0.855 atm and 10.0°C? Temperature must be in KELVIN!! P1 = 1.08 atm P2 = 0.855 atm V1 = 50.0 L V2 = ? T1 = 25.0°C T2 = 10.0°C

  47. Combined Gas Law Problem Solution

  48. 11.3 Gas Volumes and the Ideal Gas Law • State the law of combining volumes. • State Avogadro’s law and explain its significance. • Definestandard molar volume of a gas and use it to calculate gas masses and volumes. • State the ideal gas law. • Using the ideal gas law, calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or amount of gas when the other three quantities are known.

  49. Reacting Volumes • In the early 1800s, Joseph Gay-Lussac observed that 2 L of hydrogen can react with 1 L of oxygen to form 2 L of water vapor. hydrogen gas + oxygen gas → water vapor2 L (2 volumes) 1 L (1 volume) 2 L (2 volumes) • The reaction shows a simple 2:1:2 ratio in the volumes of reactants and products: 2 mL, 1 mL, and 2 mL

  50. Volume Stoich Video

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