1 / 40

Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Resistance-Training Strategies for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. Developmental Disabilities. Mental retardation Cerebral palsy Autism Spina bifida Vision or hearing impairment Other delays. Mental Retardation (MR). Intellectual and developmental disorder

tal
Download Presentation

Chapter 14

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 14 Resistance-Training Strategies for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

  2. Developmental Disabilities • Mental retardation • Cerebral palsy • Autism • Spina bifida • Vision or hearing impairment • Other delays

  3. Mental Retardation (MR) • Intellectual and developmental disorder • Characterized by substandard intelligence quotient (IQ) and need of support • Most common developmental disorder in industrialized society

  4. MR • Previous classification system based on IQ scores: • Mild • Moderate • Severe • Profound

  5. New Classification System by AAIDD • American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) • Defines MR as being manifested by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning

  6. New Classification System by AAIDD • Exists concurrently with related limitations in two or more adaptive skills areas • Must be evident before age 18

  7. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) • Adds schooling to other criteria for MR • Individuals with MR usually have IQ below 70 • Plus several deficits in adaptive skills

  8. Two Classification Levels of MR • Mild and severe • Classification based on: • How well individual functions in adaptive skill areas • Level of support required due to deficit • More support required, less functional the individual

  9. Four Levels of Support • Intermittent • Support on as-needed basis • Either high or low intensity • Limited • Support needed consistently over time • Lesser intensity

  10. Four Levels of Support • Extensive • Regular support • Pervasive • Constant care

  11. Prevalence of MR • In industrialized society, 3 percent of total population • Approximately 9 million in US • More than 90 percent of all individuals with MR classified as mild

  12. Prevalence of MR • Less than 10 percent of all individuals with MR classified as severe • Severe MR • IQ levels below 50 • Often below 35

  13. Economic Impact of MR • Most live either independently, with family, in group homes, or in assisted living facilities • De-institutionalization movement in progress for last 30 to 40 years • Most fully/partially integrated in society

  14. Mortality Rates • One and one-half to four times higher than average population • Linked to: • Low IQ • Poor self-care skills • Physical inactivity

  15. Mortality Rates • Most common medical problems include cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders • Except Down syndrome (DS) • More susceptible to infections, leukemia, and early onset Alzheimer’s disease

  16. Etiology of MR • Specific cause usually unknown • Leading cause: • Fetal alcohol syndrome • Second leading cause: • Maternal drug abuse

  17. Etiology of MR • Other causes: • Birth-related trauma • Infectious diseases • Maternal disorders • Genetic disorders • Chromosomal abnormalities • E.g., DS

  18. Other Causes of MR • Poverty • Malnutrition • Infections during pregnancy • E.g., rubella, herpes • Severe stimulus deprivation

  19. Other Causes of MR • Perinatal factors • E.g., prematurity • Postnatal factors • E.g., lead poisoning

  20. DS • Most common manifestation of MR • Occurs in approximately 1 per 800 to 1 per 1000 births • Risks increase with maternal age

  21. Physical Characteristics of DS • Short stature • Short arms and legs • Foot and toe malformations • Visual impairments • Joint laxity related to atlanto-axial instability

  22. Physical Characteristics of DS • Skeletal muscle hypotonia • Pulmonary hypoplasia • Congenital heart disease • Reduced immune function • Higher risks for developing leukemia and Alzheimer’s disease

  23. Benefits of Resistance Training • Likely plays important role in developing and maintaining independent living • Increases muscle strength • Increases quality of life, independence, and (potentially) vocational productivity

  24. Comparative Levels of Muscle Strength • Individuals with MR have very low levels of strength • 30 to 50 percent lower than nondisabled peers • Individuals with DS have even lower levels of strength • 30 to 40 percent lower than MR peers • Less than 50 percent of nondisabled peers

  25. Comparative Levels of Muscle Strength • Persistent problem from childhood into adulthood • Even very active MR individuals still 25 percent below normal strength values • Few existing studies have found lower body strength to be low

  26. Leg and Back Strength from Childhood to Early Adulthood

  27. Implications of Low Muscle Strength • Limits recreational activities • Limits vocational productivity • Hinders aerobic capacity and endurance

  28. Research Supports Resistance Training • Improvements shown in muscle endurance • Beneficial effects reflect type of training conducted • Self-motivated individuals with mild MR can maintain strength gains independently

  29. Research Supports Resistance Training • For individuals with DS, studies show changes in strength with variety of training approaches • Refer to Table 14.1

  30. Program Design Considerations • Level of understanding • Attention span • Level of fitness • Prior exercise experience • Age

  31. Program Design Considerations • Potential physical impairments • Significant coordination problems • Individualization of program • Reason for program • Individual’s goals • Medications

  32. Health Screening • Includes: • Cardiovascular disease • Diabetes • Cancer • Lung disease • Infectious diseases

  33. Health Screening • Includes: • Neurological conditions • Orthopedic conditions • Medications • Exercise and lifestyle history

  34. Exercise Testing Considerations • Conduct thorough health history screening • Involve parent/guardian • Screen individuals with DS for: • Congenital heart and related conditions • Atlanto-axial instability • Lax ligaments

  35. Exercise Testing Considerations • Obtain physician clearance when individual has serious medical complication • Include familiarization process to increase individual’s comfort level and understanding of process • Ongoing • Use weight machines for testing

  36. Exercise Testing Considerations • Use either standard 1 RM testing protocols or submaximal loads estimating 1 RM • Perform 10- to 12-repetition set to fatigue • Fatigue may be hard to ascertain • Repeat test, as needed • Test eight to 12 exercises using major muscle groups

  37. Program Components • Ensure individual can perform exercise using proper form • Teach proper breathing techniques to avoid Valsalva maneuver • Teach lower weights during two- to three-week initial period at intensity of 40 to 50 percent of 1 RM

  38. Program Components • Begin with warm-up of five to seven minutes • Follow with “easy” set • E.g., 40 to 50 percent of 1 RM • Follow with normal set • Include flexibility training before/after

  39. Program Components • After first few weeks, follow ACSM guidelines for resistance training programs for healthy adults • Re-test frequently • Gauge signs of muscular fatigue to assess intensity

  40. Program Components • Exercises should stress all major muscle groups • Modify exercises based on individual’s physical limitations • Refer to Table 14.2 • Spotting required • See sample 24-Week Program

More Related