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Chi-Square Test

The Chi-Square Test is an essential statistical tool for biologists to assess the role of random chance in genetic inheritance. It helps determine if differences between observed and expected results are significant enough to suggest other influencing factors. This guide covers the foundational concepts, including hypothesis formation, observed versus expected results, and the application of the Chi-Square formula. Ideal for AP Biology students, it encourages critical thinking about genetic outcomes and reinforces the importance of statistical methods in experimental biology.

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Chi-Square Test

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  1. Chi-Square Test AP Biology Chapter 8

  2. Chi-Square Test • Random chance is a major determinant in the inheritance of alleles • Which alleles go to which gamete? • Which gamete combines with which gamete? • Could other factors or errors be influencing results? • Chance plays a major role determining which alleles • Biologists need a statistical tool which helps judge the probability that random chance influenced an outcome, such as a genetic cross.

  3. Chi-Square Test • Chi-square test is that tool • Should there be a difference between observed results and predicted or expected results, Chi-square allows investigator to judge the influence of simple, random chance • If Chi-square indicates that the difference is likely not due to chance, then the investigator will know to look for other influencing factors

  4. When using chi-square in biology, there is some vocabulary we must know: • Hypothesis = a proposed explanation of an observed phenomenon • Observed results= what you can observe during the course of an experiment • Expected results = what you expect to see based on your hypothesis (predictions)

  5. Chi-Square Test • Hypothesis leads to certain prediction of data • Experiment results in observed data • The following equation calculates the likelihood that the difference is due to chance alone

  6. Chi-Square Tutorial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXPBoFDqNVk Paul Anderson, Bozeman Science View this tutorial before proceeding

  7. Chi-Square Lab • Distribute • AP Lab Chi-Square Test by Foligia, 2004 • Students read lab carefully • two coins to each pair of students • Conduct lab

  8. Free-Response Assessment Chapter 8 Free Response Question: Genes Are Particulate and Are Inherited According to Mendel’s Laws • Use a Chi-square test on the F2 generation data to analyze your predication of the parental genotypes. Show all your work and explain the importance of your final answer.

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