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Phrases and Clauses

Phrases and Clauses. English Chapter 3 and 4. Phrase vs. Clause. Phrase- a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject.

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Phrases and Clauses

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  1. Phrases and Clauses English Chapter 3 and 4

  2. Phrase vs. Clause • Phrase- a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject. • Clause- a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence

  3. Types of Phrase • Prepositional Phrase • Verbal Phrase • Infinitive Phrase • Appositive Phrase

  4. Prepositional Phrase • Prepositional phrase- includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object. • Used as an adjective (to modify a noun or pronoun) or adverb phrase ( to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb)

  5. Prepositional Phrases Examples • One of my friends is making a film about school. • One of my friends is making a film about school. • After the early 800s, the Fujiwara family ruled as regents in Japan for more than 300 years. • After the early 800s, the Fujiwara family ruled as regents in Japan for more than 300 years.

  6. Verbal Phrase • Participle- a verb form that can be used as an adjective • Participial phrase- consists of a participle and its modifiers and complements. The entire phrase is used as an adjective. • Gerund- a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun. • Gerund phrase- consists of a gerund and its modifiers and complements. The entire phrase is used as a noun.

  7. Verbal Phrase (Cont) • Infinitive- verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, an adverb. Most infinitives begin with to. • Infinitive phrase- consists of an infinitive and its modifiers and complements. The entire phrase can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

  8. Verbal Phrase Examples • Managing the restaurant efficiently required much hard work. • Managing the restaurant efficiently required much hard work. • Proclaiming his innocence, the candidate vehemently denied the charges. • Proclaiming his innocence, the candidate vehemently denied the charges.

  9. Verbal Phrases Examples • To get a medical degree is his goal. • To get a medical degree is his goal. • Her greatest achievement was winning three gold medals. • Her greatest achievement was winning three gold medals. • We have time to walk to the concert. • We have time to walk to the concert.

  10. Appositive Phrases • Appositive- a noun or a pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it • Appositive phrase- consists of an appositive and its modifiers. • Ex: My brother’s car, a sporty red hatchback with bucket seats, has over 100,000 miles on it. • My brother’s car, a sporty red hatchback with bucket seats, has over 100,000 miles on it.

  11. Clause • Clause- a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence • Types: • Independent • Subordinate • Adjective • Noun • Adverb

  12. Independent Clause • Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone by itself as a sentence. • Example: The Mexican artist Jose Guadalupe Posada opposed the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz.

  13. Subordinate Clause • Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a sentence. • Example: Whoever sang the song may join us. • Whoever sang the song may join us.

  14. Adjective Clause • A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. • Example: The report that Diego wrote was on the Battle of the Little Bighorn. • The report that Diego wrote was on the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

  15. Noun Clause • A subordinate clause that is used as a noun. • Examples: • My suggestion is that we all meet again tomorrow. • My suggestion is that we all meet again tomorrow. • I wonder whether Columbus was truly the first European to explore the Americas. • I wonder whether Columbus was truly the first European to explore the Americas.

  16. Adverb Clause • A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb • Example: • The squirrel ran as though it were being chased by a cat. • The squirrel ran as though it were being chased by a cat. • Davita likes instrumental music more than she likes opera. • Davita likes instrumental music more than she likes opera. • An adverb clause that begins a sentence is followed by a comma.

  17. Adverb Clause (cont) • An adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction • After • Although • As • As if • As long as • As soon as • As though • Because • Before • If • In order that • Provided that • Since • So that • Than • Though • Unless • Until • When • Whenever • Where • Wherever • Whether • While

  18. Sentence Classification • Simple- one independent clause • Compound-two or more independent clauses • Complex- one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause • Compound-complex- two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause

  19. Sentence Purpose • Declarative-makes a statement and ends with a period • Imperative-gives a command or makes a request • Interrogative- asks a question and ends with a question mark • Exclamatory- shows excitement or expresses strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point

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