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Brief History of Sport Culture

History?. Social, political, economic and ideological factors have influenced sportIssues: gender involvement, physical education, competition, obstacles to become recognizedDistinctive PeriodsPre 18401840-19181918-19611961-present. . 1789- sport club development1840

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Brief History of Sport Culture

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    2. Brief History of Sport Culture Sociology of Sport Canadian Sport Heroes

    3. History? Social, political, economic and ideological factors have influenced sport Issues: gender involvement, physical education, competition, obstacles to become recognized Distinctive Periods Pre 1840 1840-1918 1918-1961 1961-present

    4. 1789- sport club development 1840 – starting date of sport in central Canada Significant developments and political influences WWI, WWII Passage of Acts and Bills Fitness and Amateur Sport Act 1961 Beginning of the modern era of sport in Canada

    5. Pre 1840….. Native Indian, Inuit and Voyageurs Utilitarian approach Organized sport – early 19th century British troops Influence and important role on the early development of sport in Canada Funds for trophies and awards Establish homeland sports Cricket, rowing, track and field, horse racing and fox hunting

    6. Pre 1840’s 1840 – Tandem clubs Toronto, Montreal, Halifax, Quebec Membership (military officers) Foundation of organized sport development Upper middle class, large urban areas Social event vs. procedural competition Predominantly WASPS Montreal Curling Club (1807)

    7. Socially Elite busy socializing… Working class sport interests Taverns, saloons, drinking shanties Billiards, wrestling, prize fights etc… Bull baiting, dog fights, cockfighting Excluded competitors Working class tradesman Native, African American, Irish and even Scot Little inter-city competition Travel Only wealthy could afford to travel Restricted to socially elite

    8. 1840-1918 Canada dependant on fur trade Upper and Lower Canada Largest cities Montreal, Quebec, Toronto and Hamilton 3.5 million population, 20% urban Urbanization from 1867-1901-1921 Trades became important farming, fishing and timber

    9. 1840-1918 Advancements… Technological development Growth or urbanization Industrialization Changes in sport (1840-1918) Transportation Cheaper and special excursion rates Sports interaction CPR (1885) Communication Morse code 1842 Media and telegraph system – Bell 1874 Newspaper (early 19th century)

    10. Popular sports Lacrosse hockey Cricket Baseball (1870’s) Dr. W.G. Beers – lacrosse rules JGA Creighton – hockey rules Communication advances – reporting of sports results Emergency of national celebrities Ned Hanlan (sculler) Tommy Burns (heavyweight boxer)

    11. Montreal Cradle or organized sport Headquarters for British imperial forces The Hunt Club (1829) The Cricket Club (1929) Tandem Club (1837) Racquet Club (1839) Montreal Olympic Club (1842) Montreal Snow Shoe Club (1843) Montreal Lacrosse Club (1856) Montreal Amateur Athletic Association (MAAA) MSSC, MLC and MBC (1881) 10 Governing bodies in various sports

    12. Amateur or Pro? Class distinction One based on earning money Canadian Amateur Athletic Association (1884) “athletic war” 1906 CAAU formerly the CAAA Amateur athletes not allowed to compete with or against professionals “shamateurism” AAF of C 1907 (Amateur Athletic Federation)

    13. CAAU 1909 900 clubs 60000 additional members Rejoining of AAF of C to the CAAU to become the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAU of C) Free competition amoung all competitors skill 1914 1300 clubs 100,000 registered athletes

    14. War of 1914 – The Great War Sports leagues ceased operations Only attended games (few and far between) tickets were returned to charity Sports thrived in the military Mixing of amateurs and professionals as long as uniformed Strengthened sport development Increased female participation Increased club memberships Improved conditions for sport

    15. Women in Sport Women involvement minimal Leisure activities pursued by males: Fishing, hunting, horse racing, canoeing, snowshoeing, lacrosse and cricket Women were spectators and social participants Medical opinion of sport and harm Restrictive clothing

    16. Women in Sport 1850 Amelia Bloomer “bloomers” Freedom of movement without loss of dignity Horseback riding, snowshoeing and safety bicycle Late 1800’s Tennis, curling, golf, basketball, baseball and even hockey added Still opposed to women in vigorous activity Physical and emotional stresses of sport Policies and procedures that limited demands Set standards of competition Women sport leaders and academics

    17. Women in Sport After WWI women's participation in sport increased 1920-30s – Golden Age for sport Shorts and t-shirts School involvement More aggressive roles Women’s Amateur Athletic Federation (1926) Emergency of feminism (60’s-70s) more challenging boundaries of “what was acceptable”

    18. Women in Sport “matchless six” – female track team Edmonton Grads – basketball domination Percy Page Barbara Ann Scott(1948) Marilyn Bell (1954)

    19. Aboriginals in Sport Limited participation prior to 1918 “professionals” in lacrosse and snowshoeing Special categories and ranks Entertainment for white spectators Tom Longboat (1908) distance runner subject to racial discrimination Does this exist today?

    20. 1918-1961 Roaring 20’s, Depression and WWII and Cold War (early stages) Urbanization (1921 – 50% urban dwellers) Technological and communication influence and development Proliferation or professional sport International federations (1950’s) Professional sport gaining prestige while amateur sport difficulties

    21. 1918-1961 NHL American sport Heroes Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, Red Grange, Bobby Jones Hockey Night in Canada (Foster Hewitt) Extended boundaries of sport coverage 1950s – television for sports enthusiasts 1952 – first Canadian televised hockey

    22. 1918-1961 Sporting Events Grey Cup World Series Davis Cup Tennis Post 1961 – televisions greatest influence Increase in automobiles National and international championship games

    23. Canadian Athletes Involvement Canada entered all summer Olympics since 1904 Winter Olympics since 1924 Pan American Games since 1955 Fitness and Amateur Sport Act (1961) Bill C-131 Government involvement in sport and fitness

    24. Strathcona Trust Fund Early 1900’s government promoted military through this fund Physical training projects to maintain health Funds helped to implement programs National Fitness Act (1943) Provincial-Recreation Program 1958 – council brief that focused on sport and fitness issues

    25. CMA and CAHPER combined forces to lobby government Fitness and Amateur Sport Act Access to sport and fitness for all Canadians

    26. 1961-2002-present Advancements in technology, society and communications Cold war ended, terrorism began… CBC and other media Hosting of Olympic games (1976 and 1988) Stronger interest in American leagues NFL, NBA, NHL ‘cross border shifting’

    27. Promotion of Fitness and Sport Fitness Act of 1961 Mass sport and physical fitness programs funding (early 60s) 1969 Pierre Trudeau campaign speech Linking sport with culture and promoting national unity National unity symbol Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians

    28. Promotion of Fitness and Sport National Sport and Recreation Center Hockey Canada Sports Participation Canada Coaching Association of Canada Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport

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