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Urbanization and Development

This content is about urbanization and development. In this section, we try to cover all the topics related to urbanization and development.

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Urbanization and Development

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  1. Presentation on Section A: Urbanization and Development Course Title: Sociology and Anthropology of Development Course No: Soc 5171 Presented by Group: 03 MDS-1st year, 1st term Development Studies Discipline, Khulna University Date of presentation:17.01.2023

  2. Group Members

  3. Introduction of Urbanization and Development Mohiuddin Al AhmmedAnik Student ID: 232106

  4. What is urbanization? • Urbanization is the transformation of unoccupied or sparsely occupied land into densely occupied cities • Urbanization refers to the increasing shift in the number of people living in urban areas and a decrease in those living in rural areas. • Examples of urbanization can be seen in the fact that only 15% of people lived in urban areas at the beginning of the twentieth century. Now, over 50% of all people globally live in an urban environment • Urbanization does not occur all at once; instead, it is a process that takes place over time. • Urbanization refers to the mass movement of populations from rural to urban settings and the consequent physical changes to urban settings.

  5. Examples of urbanization • Seoul in South Korea is a prime example of urbanization. In 1950, 1.4 million people lived in this city. By 1990, that number rose to over 10 million. • Karachi in Pakistan. • From 5 million people in 1980 to over 16.8 million in 2022. • London in the UK. • From 6.8 million people in 1981 to 9 million in 2020. • Chicago in the US. • From 7.2 million people in 1981 to 8.87 million in 2020. • Lagos in Nigeria. • From 2.6 million people in 1980 to 14.9 million in 2021. SEOUL SINGAPORE DUBAI

  6. Reasons of urbanization • More people have been attracted to move from rural to urban areas on account of improved employment opportunities • Urban areas provide better educational facilities, better living standards, better sanitation and housing, better health care, better recreation facilities, and better social life in general • The availability of highly sophisticated communication, infrastructure, medical facilities, dress code, enlightenment, liberalization, and other social amenities in urban areas make people believe they can lead a happy life in cities • Rural communities start to adopt the urban culture and ultimately become urban centers that continue to grow as more people move to such locations in search of a better life

  7. Urbanization and Development • Urbanization had an overall positive impact on developing countries. Cities are better environments to promote positive economic and social change compared to the correspondingly ‘backward’ traditional rural (countryside) communities. • Urbanization attracts Industrial-Capitalists into setting up factories because they give them access to a large pool of labor. The wages paid to factory workers then trickle down to other city services. • Urbanization can promote development because it is easier for governments to establish health care and education in areas with dense populations compared to the more dispersed populations found in rural areas.

  8. Urbanization and Development in Historical Analysis Sumi Khatun MDS-232108

  9. Urbanization and Development in Historical Analysis Sociologists studying urbanization trends note three distinct historical stages in the development of cities:  Preindustrial: people moved off the farms, commerce developed, and cities began to form. Industrial: which first arose on fertile lands along rivers in the Middle East, Egypt, and China—were quite small compared to today's cities. Metropolitan‐megalopolitan: As larger and larger industrial cities spread outward in the early 1900s, they formed metropolises (large cities that include surrounding suburbs, which are lands outside the city limits, usually with separate governance). 

  10. Five Hearths of Urbanization • Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE • Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE • Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE • Huang He River Valleys, 1500BCE • Mesoamerica, 200 BCE In each of these hearths, an agricultural surplus and social stratification created the conditions necessary for cities to form and be maintained.

  11. Levels of Urbanization • According to world urban prospects (2021), more people live in urban areas than in rural areas globally about 55% • Since 1950, urban population has increased from 751 million to 4.2 billion • In 1950, 30% of the world population was urban • By 2050, 68% of the world’s population is projected to be urban • Region wise percentage of urban population

  12. Urbanization in Bangladesh • Bangladesh has a very long urban history with origin of cities like pundranagara dating back to the third or fourth century BC. • The share of urban population in Bangladesh increased by 0.8 percentage points in 2021 in comparison to the previous year With 38.95 percent • The share thereby reached its highest value in the observed period • Notably, the share continuously increased over the last years • Bangladesh: Urbanization from 2011 to 2021

  13. Exploring Ideologies of Urbanisation & Development Abdul Elah Al- Mahde MDS-232110

  14. Transition Transformation Phenomena of Exploring Ideologies Politico-economic Status Policy Making

  15. Stage of Ideologies 1998 1990 Libertinism 1982 Neoclassical Economics Post-socialism 1970 Neo-libaralism

  16. Standing Ideologies of Urbanisation & Development Dependency Modernisation

  17. Ideologies in World Perspective North The Global North is made of the USA, UK, Japan, France, Spain, Belgium South The Global South on the other hand comprises the rest of Africa, India, Mexico, China, Brazil

  18. Competing views of Urbanizing and Development Nasrifa Habib MDS-232114

  19. Urbanization refers to the process of growth in the proportion of population living in urban areas. • Urbanization can reduce poverty and inequality by improving employment opportunities and quality of life, including through better education and health. • With more than 80% of global GDP generated in cities, urbanization can contribute to sustainable growth through increased productivity and innovation if managed well. • Transport facilities are highly developed and often receive regular funding for updates. It can be faster to get from place to place in a city or town. Most amenities and entertainments are easy to reach.

  20. Trends and patterns of internal migration • More education opportunities • Better connection to healthcare service • Better overall infrastructure • Lower unemployment rates • People can use their time ore efficiently • More chances for socializing and networking • Recycling process • Example: For higher education (university) people of rural area have to move to urban area

  21. Urban Informality MahmudaAkterJui MDS-232118

  22. Urban Informality Urban informality is a state of exception from the formal order of urbanization It involves urbanization activities and practices that fall outside the purview of the state and policies that moderate the urbanization process Urban informality is associated with a variety of typologies that include slums, shantytowns, illegal settlements and encampments, favelas, among others

  23. Concept of Urban Informal Sector

  24. Challenges of Urban Informality Informality is associated with significantly weaker economic outcomesincluding: Lower government resources to combat recessions Lower per capita incomes Greater poverty Less financial development Weaker investment and productivity

  25. Solid Waste Syed MohlailIham MDS-232127

  26. Definition of Solid Waste • It is defined as, “ Non liquid, non soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances” • Examples: • Garbage • Demolition products • Sewage treatment residue • Dead animals • Manure and other discarded materials

  27. Sources and types of Solid Waste Sources • Agriculture • Fisheries • Household • Commerce and industries • Broadly there are three types of solid waste, they are: 1. Household waste as municipal waste 2. Industrial Waste as hazardous waste 3. Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste

  28. Municipal, Hazardous and Infectious Solid Waste • Municipal solid waste consists of • Household waste • Construction and demolition debris • Sanitation residue • Waste from streets • With rising urbanization and change in life style and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. • Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances • Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to humans, animals and plants. They are: • Corrosive • Highly inflammable or explosive • Infectious Solid Waste or bio-medical waste means "Any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological“. • It may includes wastes like sharp waste, pathological waste, pharmaceutical waste, genotoxic waste, chemical waste, and radioactive waste etc.

  29. Relation between Urbanization and Development: in the view of urbanizationHosnearaMDS-232128

  30. Is urbanization increase development? Urbanization and development are interconnected with each other. There is a positive and negative relationship between urbanization and development. If urbanization can be well managed, it is possible to make positive effects on development. And if urbanization can not be well managed, it is possible to impacts development negatively.

  31. Continued Modernization Theory – Urbanization promotes development. Modernization Theorists argued that urbanization had an overall positive impact on developing countries. They argued that cities are better environments to promote positive economic and social change compared to the correspondingly ‘backward’ traditional rural (countryside) communities.  Dependency Theory - Urbanization as primarily benefitting the wealthy. The last 30 years has seen the emergence of dozens of truly ‘global cities’ – London, Cairo, New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Rio –globally interconnected via satellite communications and air-transport networks, with exclusive shops, housing and entertainment, but only actually available to the relatively well off – the minority rather than improving the lives of the majority in the more rural areas.

  32. How does urbanization increase development? Well planned and managed urbanization benefits development by- • Improving economic prospects and quality of life for the majority • Driving innovation and productivity • Contributing national and regional development • Alleviating poverty • Working towards social inclusion • Figure 1: Share of GDP and national population in selected cities (developed countries)

  33. Relation between Urbanization and Development: in the view of development Abu Taher MDS-232129

  34. Development Increase Urbanization Today, over 50% of the world population lives in the urban areas. By 2050, the worlds population will increase by 1.5 times to 6 billion. By 2050, about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. One of the main causes of urbanization is better Economic opportunities. Development process provides that opportunity. For example, Padma Bridge will improve communication that why investors will invest in the southwestern districts for lower production cost. As of 2022, China had an expected urbanization rate of 64.7% and expected to reach 75% by 2035. All of those happened because of their rapid development process.

  35. Development Increase Urbanization • Suzhou Industrial Park of China attracted corporate investors and investment which attracted a large influx of labor and housing, ultimately lead urbanization. • In India, development project like “100 Smart Cities Mission” will come up with urbanization. • Therefore, development process helps to create urbanization.

  36. URBANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT WITH SDG Falah-Un-Nesa-Kabir MDS-232132

  37. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Goal 11 is about making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Today, more than half the world’s population live in cities. By 2050, an estimated 7 out of 10 people will likely live in urban areas. Cities are drivers of economic growth and contribute more than 80 per cent of global GDP. However, they also account for more than 70 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. If well-planned and managed, urban development can be sustainable and can generate inclusive prosperity.

  38. Targets of SDG11 Source: myagenda21org

  39. How are the SDGs related to urbanization • Ranging from poverty eradication to climate change reduction, economic growth, inequality, higher education, and employment are fundamentally relevant to urban areas. • The United Nations Human Settlement Program (UN-Habitat) is one of the leading organizations working to achieve the SDG targets by 2030. • UN-Habitat plays a particularly crucial role in ensuring that Goal 11, one of the 17 SDGs, is addressed globally through all the Goals. • The embedding of a stand-alone goal on cities and human settlements (Goal 11) in the SDGs is a recognition of the complimentary and re-enforcing nexus that exists between Goal 11 and the other SDGs. 

  40. Other SDGs Related to Urbanization

  41. Advantages and Disadvantages Jonas Hembrom MDS-232133

  42. Advantages and Disadvantages of Urbanization Advantages • The problem of unemployment will be solved • High transportation facilities • More education opportunities • Recycling process • Internet connections will be available • More modernized equipment • Higher wages in cities on average Disadvantages • Chances of the higher levels of pollutions like air, noise etc. • Higher level of stress • Lack of natural spaces • There will be chances of spreading diseases. • Traffic issues will be more

  43. Conclusion Nawrin Sultana Piya MDS-232140

  44. Conclusion • Urbanization and development have been synonymous concepts to the extent that higher levels of urbanization lend to higher levels of development. • The structural changes in the economy that accompany the process of urbanization and the demand and sustainability of higher levels of services and facilities that is possible with the higher levels of income contribute to make the urban areas location with better levels of living. • In the last few decades urbanization all over the world are facing enormous changes and challenges.The way urban growth is accommodated has enormous economic, social and environmental consequences. • The level of urbanization growth is at geometrical level. The characteristics of urbanization include, structured facilities, residential, employment centre, communication network,infrastructural facilities, size, density of population, family, marriage, occupation, class extremes,social heterogeneity, social distance, system of interaction and mobility.

  45. Now a days all most Half of the worlds population resides in the urban areas.Cites create wealth, generate, employment and human progress by harnessing the forces of agglomeration and industrialization.This also includes both positive and negative impacts. • The BRICS’ vastly different individual experiences of ‘urban transition’ which Offer inspiring Examples of how to seize urbanization’s opportunities, and also help to learn lessons from the pitfalls and problems inappropriate policies can bring. • The new urban agenda should promote sustainable cities and human settlements that are environmentally sustainable and resilient, socially inclusive, safe and violence-free, economically productive and better connected to and contributing towards sustained rural transformation.This is in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, especially Goal 11: to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe resilient and sustainable.

  46. Thank You

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