IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION

1. IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION AMERICA BECOMES A MELTING POT IN THE LATE 19TH & EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2. The New Immigrants Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reach a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

3. SECTION 1:THE NEW IMMIGRANTS I. Through the Golden Door Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

4. Push Factors What pushed people out of their native country Poverty, wars, political instability, religious oppression.

5. Pull Factors What attracted people to the U.S. Land, work, higher standard of living, democracy, social advancement.

6. EUROPEANS A. Between 1870 and 1920, about 20 million Europeans arrived in U.S. B. After 1890, most from southern and eastern Europe C. All were looking foropportunityand fleeing religious persecution

7. “The Modern Moses”

8. “The Fool Pied Piper”

9. CHINESE D. Between 1851 and 1882, about 300,000 Chinese arrived on the West Coast • work in railroads, farms, mines, domestic service, business • anti-Chinese immigration act by Congress curtailed immigration after 1882 Many Chinese men worked for the railroads

10. JAPANESE E. 1884, the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers • Japanese work on Hawaiian plantations, then go to West Coast F. U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast

11. II. LIFE IN THE NEW LAND A. late 19th century most immigrants arrived via steamship, most insteerage –cheapest

12. ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK B. Ellis Island —U.S. European immigration station, in New York Harbor 1. given physical; seriously ill not admitted 2. no criminals, had some money ($25), were able to work • 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed at Ellis Island

13. ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR

14. ANGEL ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCO C. Angel Island —immigrant processing station in San Francisco Bay 1. Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the West Coast

15. ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND

16. Cooperation for Survival D. Some immigrants tried to assimilate others created ethnic communities 1. seek people who share cultural values, religion, language E. Some disliked immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages • Friction develops between “hyphenated” Americans, native-born Chinatowns are found in many major cities

17. III. IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS A. As immigration increased, so did anti-immigrant feeling B. Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts

18. C. Melting pot—in U.S. people blend by abandoning native culture 1. immigrants don’t want to give up cultural identity D. Some object to immigrants’ religion: many are Catholics, Jews 1897, Congress passes literacy bill for immigrants; Cleveland vetoes 1917, similar bill passes over Wilson’s veto The Rise of Nativism

19. “The High Tide of Immigration”

20. E. Nativism finds foothold in labor movement, especially in West 1. fear Chinese who work for less 2. 1882, Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act - limited Chinese immigration until 1943 F. Nativist fears extend to Japanese 2. Gentlemen’s Agreement—Japan limits emigration San Francisco segregates Japanese schoolchildren U.S. repeals segregation Anti-Asian Sentiment

23. SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION I. Urban Opportunities A. Immigrants settled in cities - jobs & housing • By 1910, immigrants more than half the population of 18 major American cities

24. MIGRATION FROM COUNTRY TO CITY B. Many rural people left to find work- including African Americans 1. 1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence 2. Find segregation, discrimination in North too C. Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African Americans who migrated North

26. II. URBAN PROBLEMS A. Housing 1.Tenements —multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements

27. B. Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED

28. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED C. Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems 1.Mass transit—move large numbers of people along fixed routes • By 20th century, transit systems link city to suburbs D. Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common • 1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare • Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908 Cholera was prevalent in the U.S. in the 1800s before modern water and sewage treatment systems eliminated its spread by contaminated water CHOLERA -most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine Typhoid fever spreads through contaminated food and water or through close contact with someone who's infected. Signs and symptoms usually include high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and either constipation or diarrhea. Fecal-oral transmission route

29. E. Fire:– Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires 1. Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters F. Crime 1. As population grows, thieves flourish URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871

30. PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY

31. Jacob Riis

32. Jacob Riis

33. Jacob Riis

34. Jacob Riis

35. Jacob Riis

36. Jacob Riis

37. III. REFORMERS MOBILIZE A. Jacob Riis reformer who through his pictures hoped for change B. Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor C. Some reformers established Settlement Homes =community centers in slums, help immigrants D. Run by college-educated women, they: 1. provide educational, cultural, social services E. Jane Addamswas the most famous member of the Settlement Movement 1. founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889 Jane Addams and Hull House

38. Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Tried to help industrial workers and the poor by organizing Christian group activities. YMCA facilities spread throughout the country.

39. Salvation Army (1878) Charity organization designed to help the urban poor and provide religious counseling.

40. SECTION 3: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE I. Emergence of Political Machines A. As cities grew in late 19th century, so did political machines, organized group that controls city political party

41. ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS B. The Role of the Political Boss, or party boss (may serve as mayor) 1. controls access to city jobs 2. influences courts 3. Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence Boss Tweed ran NYC

42. II. MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL A. Election Fraud and Graft 1. Machines use electoral fraud to win elections 2. Graft —illegal use of political influence for personal gain B. Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal, illegal activities

43. THE TWEED RING SCANDAL C. 1868 William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines 1. Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions of dollars Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public outrage Tweed Ring broken in 1871 Boss Tweed

45. SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE A Harper's Weekly cartoon depicts Tweed as a police officer saying to two boys, "If all the people want is to have somebody arrested, I'll have you plunderers convicted. You will be allowed to escape, nobody will be hurt, and then Tilden will go to the White House and I to Albany as Governor."

46. III. CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE A. Patronage (spoils system) Spurs Reform 1. Patronage —government jobs to those who help candidate get elected B. Civil service (government administration) are all patronage jobs C. Reformers press for merit system of hiring for civil service Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil Service Exam

47. Patronage Also called the spoils system. The winning party in the presidential election gave supporters government jobs. People believed this corrupted the government. Campaign began to end reform civil service.

48. Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur • Republican Rutherford B. Hayes elected president 1876 • names independents to cabinet • creates commission to investigate corruption • fires 2 officials; angers Stalwarts D. 1880, Republican independent James A. Garfield wins election E. Chester A. Arthur is vice-president F. Garfield gives patronage jobs to reformers; is shot and killed G. As president, Arthur urges Congress to pass civil service law H. Pendleton Civil Service Act —appointments based on exam score

49. http://www.biography.com/people/charles-julius-guiteau-235814#synopsishttp://www.biography.com/people/charles-julius-guiteau-235814#synopsis The Republican convention of 1880 was deeply divided between Stalwarts (favored patronage system) and Half-Breeds (wanted civil service reform) Stalwart

50. Pendleton Act (1883) Law that made people who wanted government jobs pass a civil service exam to make sure they could do the work. Patronage began to decline. Supported by Arthur.