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Immigrants and Urbanization. The Statue of Liberty. Was given to the U.S. by France to celebrate their 100 years of American Independence from Great Britain. President Grover Cleveland officially dedicated it on October 28, 1886. The New Immigrants. Main Idea
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The Statue of Liberty Was given to the U.S. by France to celebrate their 100 years of American Independence from Great Britain. President Grover Cleveland officially dedicated it on October 28, 1886.
The New Immigrants Main Idea Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reached a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Why it Matters Now This wave of immigration helped make the United States the diverse society it is today.
The New Immigrants • From which parts of the world did immigrants come to the U.S? • Europe-Italy, Hungary, & Russia;Japan and China; Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Mexico. • For what reason did they journey to America? • Religious persecution, rising populations, jobs, some searched for gold. • “Birds of Passage”-temporary stay, then return home
Life in the New Land • What difficulties did immigrants face on their journey to the United States? • Immigrants crowded together in steerage on ships. They were unable to exercise or catch a breath of fresh air. Disease would spread quickly and many immigrants died before they reached their destinations.
Immigration Restrictions • How did the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentlemen’s Agreement limit Asian immigration? • The Chinese Exclusion Act banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. In the Gentlemen’s Agreement, Japan’s government agreed to limit immigration of unskilled workers to the U.S., in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.
FRICTION DEVELOPS • While some immigrants tried to assimilate into American culture, others kept to themselves and created ethnic communities • Committed to their own culture, but also trying hard to become Americans, many came to think of themselves as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etc • Some native born Americans disliked the immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages – friction soon developed Chinatowns are found in many major cities
Immigration Restrictions • Nativism • Prescott Hall-Immigration Restriction League • German, Scandanavian, and British • 1896- Immigration Restriction League • Required literacy tests • Pres. Cleveland vetoed the bill • Anti-Asian • Denis Kearney-Workingmen’s Party
21st Century Diversity In 2000 the U.S. population was 71% Caucasian, 12% African American, 12% Hispanic, 4% Asian, and around 1% Native American. By 2050- 53% Caucasian, 13% African American, 9% Asian, and 1% Native Americans. The greatest increase is expected for Hispanics, who will account for almost 25% of the U.S.
Jacob Riis • Study the photograph for 2 minutes. Form an overall impression of the photograph and then examine individual items. Next, divide the photo into quadrants and study each section to see what new details become visible. • Based on what you have observed above, list three things you might infer from this photograph. • 1. • 2. • 3. • What questions does this photograph raise in your mind?
Final Thoughts • Which group of immigrants do you think faced the greatest challenges in the United States? Why? • Homework: Due Tuesday • Find stories of immigration or the experiences of recent immigrants to U.S. that you have heard or read about. Create a presentation of these stories. Use pictures, text, or sound to represent the stories.
The Challenges of Urbanization Main Idea The rapid growth of cities forced people to contend with problems of housing transportation, water, and sanitation Why it Matters Now Consequently, residents of U.S. cities today enjoy vastly improved living conditions
Urban Opportunities • Why did many immigrants settle in the nation’s cities? • Cities were cheaper and cities offered jobs.
Urban Problems <> • What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced? • Housing was overcrowded and cramp. Sanitation and plumbing were problems.
Reformers Mobilize • Settlement House Movement • Social Gospel Movement- salvation through service of the poor • Settlementhouses-community centers in poor areas. • Ran by college educated women. • Jane Addams and Ellen Star Gates • Hull House (1889)- Chicago • Jamie Porter Barrett • Locust St. Social Settlement (1890)-Hampton, VA • 1910- more than 400 settlement houses.
Challenges of Urbanization Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there. Explain how cities dealt with housing, transportation, sanitation, and safety issues. Describe some of the organizations and people who offered help to urban immigrants.
Politics in the Gilded Age Main Idea Local and national political corruption in the 19th century led to calls for reform. Why it Matters Now Political reforms paved the way for a more honest and efficient government in the 20th century and beyond.
The Emergence of Political Machines • Why did machine politics become common in big cities in the late 19th century? • The growing need for city services and the large number of immigrants required a new power structure.
Municipal Graft and Scandal • What means did many political machines use to maintain power? • Political machines took “kickbacks” or illegal payments for their services, enriched the political machines. They also granted favors to businesses in return for cash and accepted bribes to allow illegal activities.
Gilded Age Political Corruption Vote numerous times Illegal payments for services Offering $ or service for illegal activity Illegal use of political influence for political gain “Spoils System”- giving gov’t jobs to help get a candidate elected; Stalwarts;Pendleton Civil Service Act
Municipal Graft and Scandal • The Tweed Ring Scandal • William Tweed “Boss Tweed” • Head of Tammany Hall • Defrauded the city • New York County Courthouse • $13 Million, actual cost $3 million • Thomas Nast • Exposed Tweed for wrong doing. • Political cartoons
Civil Service Replaces Patronage • What government problems arose as a result of patronage? • Inefficiency, fraud, and imcompetence
Thomas Nast Nast depicts the Tweed Ring: "Who stole the pople's money?" / "'Twas him." Nast shows Tweed's source of power: control of the ballot box. "As long as I count the Votes, what are you going to do about it
Business Buys Influence • Harrison, Cleveland, and High Tariffs • Big business hoped for protection • Democratic party opposed high tariffs.
Business Buys Influence • Summarize the views of Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison on tariffs. • Cleveland wanted to reduce tariffs; Harrison wanted to keep them high.
Today’s Agenda • Test Today!! Unit I Exam: The Gilded Age and the West • Place all notes and worksheets in the following order: • Ch.10 Vocabulary • Ch.10 Section 1-Immigration/Ch.10 Section 2- Urbanization • Worksheet- Immigration Facts • Worksheet-Industry and Urban Growth • Ch.10 Section 3- Politics of the Gilded Age/Political Cartoon • Following the test, pick up the Building Vocabulary for Progressive Era
