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The Musculoskeletal system

The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joints, and muscles that provide structure, support, and enable movement in the body. Bones are classified into long, short, flat, and irregular types, serving functions such as support, protection, and blood cell production. Joints connect bones and allow mobility through various types, including pivot, hinge, and ball-and-socket joints. Muscles are groups of soft tissues that facilitate motion and generate heat, categorized into smooth, skeletal, and cardiac types, working in harmony to maintain physical function.

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The Musculoskeletal system

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  1. The Musculoskeletal system

  2. A) Bones • 1. Name of common bones (dividing our skeleton): • Head • Thorax • Spinal cord • Upper limbs • Lower limbs

  3. A) Bones • 2. Types: • Long bones • Found mostly in lower and upper limbs • Short bones • Found mostly in the wrists and ankles • Flat bones • E.g. skull, ribs, sternum, shoulder bone • Irregular bones • E.g. vertabrae

  4. A) Bones • 3. Function: • Support, insures posture • Protects internal organs • Ensures motion (working with muscles they act as levers) • Storage of necessary fat and minerals (calcium) • Production of red blood cells by the bone marrow (most often foun din long bones)

  5. A) Bones • Name of commonbones: • Vertabrea • Ribs • Femur • Tibia • Fibula • Radius • Ulna • Collarbone (clavicle) • Humerus • Carpals • Tarsals • Patella • Sternum

  6. B) Joints a) Definition: • place where two or more bones join b) Function: • Can allow for mobility (tendons attach bones to muscles) • Can link bones together (with ligaments)

  7. B) Joints c) Types of joints thatallowmobility (synovial joints): • Pivot Joint • allows for rotation (base of the skull) • Hinge joint • allows to bend in 1 direction(elbows and knees) • Gliding joint • allowsbones to slide on one another(vertabrea) • Ball and socket • allows for mostmobility(hip and shoulder) • Saddle Joint • allows 2 types of motion (thumbs) • Conyloid Joint • Fingers and toes

  8. B) Joints c) Types: • Pivot Joint • Hinge joint • Gliding joint • Ball and socket • Saddle Joint • Conyloid Joint

  9. d) Types of motions: • Flexion (decreasing the angle between two bones) • Extension (increasing the angle between two bones) • Abduction (limbs moving away from the body) • Adduction (limbs moving towards the body) • Rotation (turning around an axis)

  10. C) Muscles a) Whatisitreally? • Soft tissue made of cellsthatcontainprotein filaments thatcan change the cell’sshape b) Function: • Allows for motion • Producesheat

  11. C) Muscles c) Type of muscles: • Smooth: • Muscles surrounding internal organs • Are not voluntary • Striated muscles • Skeletal • Muscles anchored to the skeleton • Are voluntary • Cardiac • Muscles controlling the heart

  12. Team work d) Muscles working together: • Antagonistic muscles • Muscles can only pull cannot push back • Need another muscle to pull the limb back to its original position • Bicep/tricep

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