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Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus. January 13, 2009. Diencephalon. Relay between the brainstem & cerebral cortex Dorsal-posterior structures Epithalamus Habenular nuclei – integrate smell & emotions Pineal gland – monitors diurnal / nocturnal rhythm Thalamus Metathalamus

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Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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  1. Diencephalon:Thalamus and Hypothalamus January 13, 2009

  2. Diencephalon • Relay between the brainstem & cerebral cortex • Dorsal-posterior structures • Epithalamus • Habenular nuclei – integrate smell & emotions • Pineal gland – monitors diurnal / nocturnal rhythm • Thalamus • Metathalamus • Medial geniculate body – auditory relay • Lateral geniculate body – visual relay • Ventral-anterior structure • Hypothalamus

  3. Function of the Thalamus • Sensory relay • ALL sensory information (except smell) • Motor integration • Input from cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia • Arousal • Part of reticular activating system • Pain modulation • All nociceptive information • Memory & behavior • Lesions are disruptive

  4. Input to the Thalamus

  5. Input to the Thalamus Metathalamus Vision and Hearing

  6. Input to the Thalamus Sensory relay - Ventral posterior group all sensation frombody and head, including pain

  7. Input to the Thalamus Motor control and integration

  8. Input to the Thalamus Behavior and emotionconnection with hypothalamus

  9. Projections from the Thalamus Metathalamus Vision and Hearing

  10. Projections from the Thalamus Sensory relay Ventral posterior group all sensation frombody and head, including pain

  11. Projections from the Thalamus Motor control and integration

  12. Projections from the Thalamus Behavior and emotionconnection with hypothalamus

  13. Thalamus: axial view Descending upper motor neurons Cerebral peduncles Internal capsule

  14. Thalamus: axial view

  15. Thalamus: sagittal view Pons

  16. Thalamus: sagittal view

  17. Thalamus: coronal view

  18. Thalamus: coronal view 3rd ventricle

  19. Thalamus: coronal view Internal capsule

  20. Thalamus: coronal view Cerebral peduncles Internal capsule

  21. Thalamus: coronal view Dorsomedial nucleus has reciprocal connections to prefrontal cortex. Concerned with judgment, decision making, memory and behavior. Mediodorsal nucleusInternal capsule

  22. Thalamus VL nucleus has reciprocal connections with primary motor cortex. It receives input from cerebellar nuclei. With VA nucleus (which receives input from basal ganglia) contributes to planning and control of movement. Ventral lateral nucleus Mediodorsal nucleusInternal capsule

  23. Thalamus: blood supply

  24. Hypothalamus Located ventral-anterior to thalamus. (Subthalamus, located ventral to thalamus, will be discussed with basal ganglia.)

  25. Hypothalamus Coronal view

  26. Hypothalamus Sagittal view

  27. Hypothalamus

  28. Hypothalamus Thalamus

  29. Hypothalamus Optic chiasm

  30. Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland

  31. Hypothalamus Mammillary body: termination of fornix

  32. Hypothalamus Fornix: part of the limbic system

  33. Hypothalamus Coronal view Lateral view Fornix to mammillary bodies

  34. Hypothalamus: sagittal view

  35. Hypothalamus: sagittal view

  36. Hypothalamus: sagittal view

  37. Hypothalamus: sagittal view Connects temporal lobes, sharing olfactory and audiovisual information

  38. Hypothalamus: coronal view(rostral to caudal) MAMMILLARY TUBERAL SUPRACHIASMATIC PRE-OPTIC

  39. Hypothalamus: coronal view Pre-Optic Region Gonadotropic releasing hormone Sexual arousal, appetite, reproduction

  40. Hypothalamus: coronal view

  41. Hypothalamus: coronal view

  42. Hypothalamus: coronal view Suprachiasmic Region Secrete ADH, oxytocin Transported via axons to posterior pituitary (hypophysis)

  43. Hypothalamus: coronal view Regulates thirst

  44. Hypothalamus: coronal view Body temperature Circadian rhythms

  45. Hypothalamus: coronal view

  46. Hypothalamus: coronal view Tuberal Region Satiety

  47. Hypothalamus: coronal view Regulates prolactin and growth hormone β endorphin for pain

  48. Hypothalamus: coronal view

  49. Hypothalamus: coronal view Mammillary region Limbic system

  50. Hypothalamus: coronal view Hypocretin (orexin) Narcolepsy, reward

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