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Information Systems Hardware

This resource provides an overview of computer hierarchy and information systems hardware, discussing components from supercomputers to microcomputers. It outlines the definitions, characteristics, and applications for different types of computers, including mainframes, workstations, and personal devices. The document also explains fundamental concepts like bits and bytes, processing, and storage, as well as the role of the CPU in data handling. This guide serves as an essential reference for students and professionals interested in computer architecture and information systems.

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Information Systems Hardware

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  1. Information Systems Hardware MIS 320 Kraig K. Pencil Summer 2012

  2. A. Game Plan • Computer hierarchy • Bits and bytes • IS Hardware • Processing and storage

  3. B: Computer Hierarchy Servers: computers that serve multiple users simultaneously Photo: Facebook servers. (Time Magazine) http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218539,00.html http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218543,00.html

  4. B. Computer Hierarchy • Rank the following from largest to smallest: • Micro computer • Mainframe • Workstation • PDA • Supercomputer

  5. B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.) • Supercomputer • Most processing power • Common applications: Large simulation models of real-world phenomena • E.g., • Price: $250k - $20 million • Mainframe Computer • “Big iron”, “Enterprise Server” • Used in large corporations for centralized transaction processing and maintaining large databases • Example applications: E-commerce (e.g., servers for Amazon WWW systems), Airline reservations • Price: > $100k

  6. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/mainframe-computers-that-change-with-the-times/?ref=technologyhttp://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/mainframe-computers-that-change-with-the-times/?ref=technology • Main frame for 75,000 dollars. . . considered to be cheap, and an effective counter move from IBM against cloud based data centers.

  7. B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.) 4. Workstation • Desktop machines • “PC on steroids” • Provide very high-speed calculations and high-resolution graphics and 3-D graphics • Example applications: DSS for stock market analysts and engineers, software development, animated movies • Vendors include Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Apple Computer

  8. B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.) 5. Microcomputer • Desktop PC, Mac, Laptop, tablet • Often single-user, but can be used as servers • Example applications: TPS for smaller organizations, MIS reports, DSS for decision makers 6. Smart Phone / Personal digital assistant (PDA) • I-Phone, Android, Blackberry … • Wireless capabilities: WWW and E-mail • Example business applications: communications, inventory management, healthcare

  9. C. Bits and Bytes • Binary notation • Common format (“language”) for computers • Expressed as a series of ___s and ___s • Bit • “Binary digit” • Byte • String of 8 bits  28 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 256) • Standard codes are used to represent characters/numbers • e.g., The character “A” = 01000001 (ASCII-8 code) The number “1” = 00110001 (ASCII-8 code) 0 1

  10. C. Bits and Bytes (cont.) 4. Bytes in perspective • Short document: 10,000 characters (or bytes) • Large SW program: Millions of bytes • Medium database: Billions of bytes • A large database: Trillions of bytes • A very large database: 1,000 trillions of bytes • Rank from largest to smallest • Megabyte • Terabyte • Petabyte • Kilobyte • Gigabyte

  11. D. IS Hardware • Recall the “5 Cs” of info processing • Capture (input) • Convey (output) • Create (process) • Cradle (primary & secondary storage) • Communicate • Our focus: Processing and primary/secondary storage • How are these hardware characteristics represented in the PC ads? • Example: Dell PC component list (see figures)

  12. Processing Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435

  13. Memory Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435

  14. Storage Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435

  15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duzO0YX4WnA&feature=channel E. IS Hardware: Processing 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Performs the “bit crunching” • Microprocessor •  Many transistors on a silicon “chip” • Now: Can include billions of transistors • E.g., Intel “Tukwila” processor: 2 billion Transistor diagram

  16. Components of a Personal Computer CPU Top half of diagram: • Components onthe motherboard. Bottom half of diagram: • Components attachedtothe motherboard http://www.techautos.com/2010/03/14/smartphone-processor-guide/

  17. Motherboard Technical view CPU http://xkcd.com/730/

  18. E. IS Hardware: CPU Components • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • Performs arithmetic & comparison operations • Registers • High speed storage areas Control unit Receives input signals and serves as “traffic cop” (tells computer what to do) CPU{ Primary storage Image source: Rainer,et al, Introduction to IS, 2009 Instructions and data go in Results come out

  19. E. IS Hardware: Processing (cont.) 3. Moore’s Law • Gordon Moore: Intel co-founder • Prediction: Computer processor capacity per integrated circuit  Double ~ every two years • Prediction made in 1965 • Expected the trend to last till 1975 • Trend has continued for muchlonger than Moore expected

  20. Moore’s Law: Number of transistors per integrated circuit [Source: Intel Corporation] Tukwila Image Source: Intel: http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm

  21. Data Storage • Where is data kept?

  22. F. Primary Storage Place where information needed for current and most frequent processing is stored. May include • Operating system instructions • Program instructions • Data to be processed • RAM • Dell PC Component List • Random Access Memory • Information can be accessed directly • Chips • “Volatile” • Example range for common micros: 2-6 GB (Can go higher) Installing memory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiFIgSQOY7g

  23. F. Primary Storage (cont.) 2. “Cache” memory • A special type of memory • Very fast, expensive, close to CPU • Stores info used most frequently by CPU • Not many bytes • Example range for common micros: 2-8 MB 3. “Built-in” ROM • Read Only Memory • “NonVolatile” • Example: Used to “boot” the computer at start-up • Stores instructions to tell computer what to do • Initiates process of loading Operating System into RAM

  24. G. Secondary Storage • Place to store large amounts of information for an extended period of time • Features • “Nonvolatile” • Takes longer to retrieve • Cost effective

  25. G. Secondary Storage • Example • Flash memory* • A cousin of ROM (non-volatile, no moving parts) • USB 16 GB  ~ $30 • Hard drive (magnetic disk)Example range for common micros: 500-750 GB)  ~ $50 1000 GB  ~$55-$80 • CD/DVD (optical disk) *Prediction: Flash memory will replace hard drives in laptops within 5 years. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6wTZhsffEE&NR=1&feature=fvwp Cue at 1:05 and 2:10.

  26. Ranking Storage Devices Cache Ram Rom Flash Hard drive DVDs Fast …………………Slow Expensive …………Cheap Non-volatile

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