Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Technique and Methods in China

1. Ambient Air Quality MonitoringTechnique and Methods in China China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) 2013-10-22 Beijing, China

2. CONTENTS • Monitoring standards and regulations • Monitoring network and plans • Routine monitoring method • New monitoring method in future

3. Ambient air quality standard in China • GB3095-2012 (issued 2012) μg/m3(except CO) Others: TSP, NOx, Pb, B[a]p

4. 1. Standards and regulations • Ambient Air quality standard • GB 3095-2012 • Monitoring methods and regulations • Technical regulation for ambient air quality index • Technical regulation for selection of ambient air quality monitoring stations • Automated methods for ambient air quality monitoring • Manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring • …… There are more than 40 regulations for ambient air quality monitoring

5. 1. Standards and regulations MEP is now building a complete ambient air quality monitoring regulation system to improve the monitoring program

6. 2. Monitoring network and plans National ambient air quality monitoring network National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network CNEMC Green house gases Urban air quality Background air quality Acid rain Dust and Sandstorm Regional air quality 31 sites in all 15 sites In all 1436 sites in 338 cities 31 sites present 431 sites in 347 cities 82 sites in 82 cities

7. 2. Monitoring network and plans • Locations of urban monitoring sites There are 1436 urban sites from 338 cities urban sites

8. 2. Monitoring network and plans • An urban air quality monitoring site in Tianjin, China

9. 2. Monitoring network and plans • An urban site usually represents an area of 25 km2 , and it was population originated • Purpose of urban sites • Judge the attainment of air quality standard • Report the air quality information timely to public • Assess the effects of air pollutants on human health

10. 2. Monitoring network and plans 668 urban sites from 114 cities has reported air quality index hourly AQI categories

11. 2. Monitoring network and plans

12. 2. Monitoring network and plans • Locations of regional monitoring sites There are only 31 regional sites, i.e. one for each province 65 other regional sites will be built during year 2013 to year 2015 regional sites

13. 2. Monitoring network and plans • Regional air quality monitoring site in Sichuan, China

14. 2. Monitoring network and plans • A regional site usually represents an area of 20km×20km • Purpose of regional sites • Monitoring air pollutants at regional level • Evaluate the effect of regional scale air pollution prevention measurements • Monitoring the transferring of air pollutants between cities • Serve for the regional air quality warning and forecasting

15. 2. Monitoring network and plans • Locations of background monitoring sites There are 15 background sites, all located in national natural reserves background sites

16. 2. Monitoring network and plans • Shen Nong-jia background site in Hubei province, China

17. 2. Monitoring network and plans • Purpose of background sites • Monitoring air pollutants at background level • Evaluate the effect of air pollutants on ecologic system • Used for scientific research and international cooperation • A background site usually represents an area of more than 50km×50km

18. 2. Monitoring network and plans • Monitoring parameters at each site ▲ Required ★ Required in 2016 ○ Optional - Not required

19. 3. Routine monitoring method • Manual monitoring methods for criteria pollutants take a great part before year 2000 • Automated monitoring methods has gradually been widely used after that • Manual reference methods of PM were used to audit and calibrate the automated instrument

20. 3. Routine monitoring method • Routine automated monitoring methods

21. 3. Routine monitoring method • Automated Instruments • Abroad : Thermal fisher, Ecotech, API, Daxibi, ESA…… • Domestic: Xianhe, TH, Landun • The domestic air quality instrument has had a great development in recent years.

22. 3. Routine monitoring method • An urban monitoring site in Tianjin, China

23. 3. Routine monitoring method • An urban monitoring site in Wuhan, China

24. 4. New monitoring method in future • Methods: • Multi-axial differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) • Lidar • Applied areas • Regional transmit flux of air pollutants • Sand storm monitoring • Emission sources and industrial areas monitoring

25. Remote monitoring technology MAX-DOAS Multi-axial differential optical absorption spectroscopy （MAX-DOAS） MAX-DOAS is a kind of passive spectrum technology, it received solar spectra from different elevation angles. The absorption spectrum could be resolved to obtain the columnar concentration and profile of air pollutants (such as SO2 NO2 CO O3)

26. Flux research ：mobile MAX-DOAS We can research the emission flux of a single point pollution source or an industrial zone by using mobile max-doas IFRS Imes

27. Flux research ：mobile MAX-DOAS a. Point source ： Through monitoring the stack plume cross sectionatdownwind direction by using mobile max-doas, meanwhile, observing the meteorological parameter, we can get the emission flux. Flux＝∑Fluxi b. industrial zone: Through  calculating the difference between the influx at upwind and outflow at downwind, we can evaluate the net flux of an industrial area Flux净＝Flux入－Flux出

28. Remote monitoring technology Lidar Lidar is used to monitor particles in vertical direction, for example in dust and sand storm monitoring

29. Remote monitoring technology Lidar Non-Spherical Spherical The initial emission laser was linear polarized due to the Crystal nature of laser medium. the spherical particles do not change the polarization properties of laster echo while the non-spherical particles have obvious depolarization effects. We can distinguish the spherical particle and non-spherical particle through the different depolarization ratio. laser laser Laser echo Laser echo Depolarization radio = P⊥/ P∥

30. coefficient of light extinction water cloud Ice cloud Sand storm Local pollution Ice cloud Sand storm water cloud Local pollution depolarization ratio

31. Remote monitoring technology Environmental Monitoring center can monitor the air pollutants columnar concentration and reseach the transmission flux among dividual areas. MAX-DOAS and Lidar were successfully applied to air quality monitoring and forecast during the 29th the Olympic Games in Beijing ,the 53th World Expo in Shanghai, and the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou.

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