Do Now

1. Do Now • When a person collapses for any reason, what is the first thing medical professionals try to determine? • Whether the person is breathing or not. Why is this the top priority versus whether the heart is pumping? • The heart is useless unless it has fresh oxygen to push around. This is why if someone is choking, removing the object is the top priority.

2. Homework & classwork today • Research papers were last night. Either I get them or your grade suffers. I am not chasing them down. • Homework for Tuesday: • Re-read pages 957 – 961, deals with cholesterol • Also, Read pages 963-965 (The Respiratory System)

3. Blood pressure review • Explain why the Blood Pressure important? • What is the difference between Diastolic & Systolic pressures? • Is a blood pressure of 156 / 112 good or bad? Explain

4. Blood pressure • Explain why the Blood Pressure important? • It determines the amount of pressure within the arteries. • Someone that has hypertension (Hyper – meaning high or a lot) typically has a Blood Pressure (BP) diastolic (the bottom number) of greater than 100. • For Example – 144/100 • What is the top number called? • The Systolic Pressure (the top number) measures the force within the arteries when the ventricles contract. • What is the bottom number called? • The Diastolic Pressure measures the force or pressure when the arteries are at rest (or when the heart is filling up).

5. Coronary Artery disease • The block acts just like a garden hose. When you put your thumb over the end the pressure increases. • If completely blocked, pressure builds up in the hose (your artery) and can cause the heart to react.

6. Circulatory System & Disease • There are three common circulatory diseases: • 1. Heart Disease (clogging of the arteries) • 2. Stroke • 3. High Blood pressure • All are bad, no one is better than the other and they can overlap. • For example – high blood pressure can lead to heart disease and stroke. • Heart disease – we already discussed, the heart needs a fresh supply of O2 especially to the coronary arteries (those that feed the heart itself)

7. Circulatory System & Disease • Heart disease – we already discussed, the heart needs a fresh supply of O2 especially to the coronary arteries (those that feed the heart itself) • Artherosclerosis is caused by the build up of plaque (fat / cholesterol) on the artery walls. • Over time, the build up will restrict the flow of blood causing the pressure within the artery to go up. • Chest pain called “Angina” is a sign of restricted blood flow and if left untreated can lead to a heart attack and / or tissue death of the heart muscle known as heart failure. • It can damage the SA and AV nodes which will interrupt the coordination of the Atrium / Ventricle contractions.

8. Circulatory System & Disease • Signs & symptoms of a Heart attack are: • Sweating • Nausea • Chest Pain • Radiating pain typically down the left arm, but can be in the neck, back, left & right arms • Shortness of breath • It could eventually lead to a rupture of the artery or vessel else where in the body • Stroke – It is the sudden onset of brain death (lack of O2 in the brain) due to a disruption of blood (O2 rich blood).

9. Circulatory System & Disease • Signs & symptoms of a Stroke: • Numbness on one side of the body • Facial dropping • Weakness on one side of the body • Inability to speak, smile, move the tongue side to side • The stroke can lead to paralysis – inability to move one side of one’s body. • High Blood pressure – Higher than 90 for the diastolic (that number differs). So 144 / 96 would be considered high Blood Pressure.

10. Circulatory System & Disease • Typically caused by people eating a high cholesterol diet (fast food for example). • It can also be a genetic thing. Heart disease runs in families as well as in certain ethnic groups and regions of the country. For example: • Heart disease is more common in the South than in Colorado

11. Connecting the heart & lungs • The entry way to the respiratory system is the mouth & nose. • The entire system consists of: • Nose • Mouth • Pharynx (back of the throat) • Trachea (the thing in the movies that people are always so eager to cut into to save someone’s life if they are choking). Sometimes called the wind-pipe. • Bronchi (grape shaped objects that exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide inside the lungs) • The lungs

12. Connecting the heart & lungs • The nose and the mouth allow air to flow into the body but they also act as a filter to remove particles from entering the lungs. • The pharynx – is the area that connects the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. • The trachea is the rigid tube between the pharynx and the lungs. • The larynx – aka the vocal cords. They are contained between the pharynx & the trachea. They create sound by vibrating and moving closer together. • To keep food from going into the lungs, there is a flap called the Epiglottis. It allows air into the lungs and food to pass by the lungs and go to the digestive system.

13. The Lungs • The lungs are made of five lobes. • The tubes splitting the lungs are called the bronchi. • When someone gets bronchitis, what is happening? • The bronchi are irritated and inflamed. Remember itis means swelling of. They get inflamed and filled with fluid and if left untreated can lead to pneumonia. • Within these the bronchi are grape like structures called alveoli. These are where the O2 / CO2 exchange actually occur.

14. The gas exchange • O2 binds with the hemoglobin and then transports the O2 from alveoli to the capillaries. • The CO2 diffuses in three different ways: • 1. Most enters the red blood cells and combines with water to form carbonic acid (which is waste product). • 2. Others bind with plasma • 3. The rest will bind with hemoglobin & proteins • Once in the lungs (Alveoli) the process is reversed.

15. Inhalation & exhalation • Surrounding the lungs are thin sacs almost like balloons. • Below the lungs is a muscle called the diaphragm. • The diaphragm helps to push air out as well as acting like a vacuum to pull air in. • For example – when someone is choking they try to expel the foreign object with the Heimlich maneuver.