RELIGIOUS WARS 1560-1648

1. RELIGIOUS WARS 1560-1648

2. Many religious conflicts in Europe for almost a 150 years after Luther, that tore countries apart • The Holy Roman Empire was divided • France was rocked by wars between Catholics and Calvinists (1598 Edict of Nantes, Henry IV). • Religion was not the only factor, sometimes not even the major one. • Many states came close to destruction, Poland, disappeared.

3. Hapsburg-Valois Wars 1519-1559 • Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559: • Ended Habsburg Valois Wars (last purely dynastic wars) • France kept the HRE from gaining control in Germany, • Inadvertently helped Lutheranism to spread

4. Catholic Crusade • Philip II (1556-98) • Attempted to to reimpose Catholicism in Europe • very wealthy (gold / silver from New World) • very Catholic (used force and cruelty) • very strong control of nobles •  -  Phillip II was also engaged to Mary Tudor • Built the Escorial: new royal palace (and monastery and mausoleum)

5. Battle of Lepanto: • Spain defeated Turkish navy off coast of Greece (reminiscent of the Crusades) • Eliminated the Ottoman’s as a power in the Mediterranean

6. Spain v. England • Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife • Reimposes Catholicism in England • Queen Elizabeth I • Reverses Mary’s edict • Helps Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain • Spanish Armada, 1588:

7. French civil wars(at least 9 in last half of 16th c.) • Concordat of Bologna, 1516: French monarchy now controlled French Catholic Church • Many nobles converted to being Huguenots (French Protestants) to regain independence from the crown. • Catherine de’ Medici: (a Valois) opposed to Huguenots and the Catholic Guise family

8. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre • Wave of Catholic mob violence against the Huguenots • Traditionally believed to have been ordered by Catherine de' Medici • Started on August 24, 1572, with the murder of a prominent Huguenot, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, • Massacres spread throughout Paris, and later to other cities, lasting for several months. • Radicalized the Huguenots against the French Catholics

9. War of the Three Henrys • Civil wars between Valois, Guise, and Huguenot faction • Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) (1553-1610) • First Bourbon king • Converted to Catholicism, but remained a Calvinist • He was a politiques: a monarch who favor practical solutions (rather than ideological) • Edict of Nantes, 1598: granted religious toleration to Huguenots

10. Netherlands • William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584), led 17 provinces against Inquisition • United Provinces of the Netherlands,1581 (Dutch Republic) • Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) • closing of the Scheldt River: demise of Antwerp and rise of Amsterdam

11. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Failure of Peace of Augsburg, 1555 • It gave German Princes the right to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism • Created confusion as princes converted back and forth • Left no room for moderates • Both sides philosophical outlook was absolute • There were four phases of the war

12. Bohemian • Defenestration of Prague: • Triggers war in Bohemia • Protestant forces eventually defeated; • Protestantism eliminated in Bohemia

13. Danish • Height of Catholic forces during the war • Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583-1634) • Paid by emperor to fight for HRE • Edict of Restitution (1629): • Emperor declared all church territories secularized since 1552 automatically restored to Catholic Church

14. Swedish • Protestants liberate territory lost in previous phase • Gustavus Adolphus: • Reorganized the military • Increased training • Emphasized mobility in military • Best military of the day • Married into Prussian nobility • Expanded Swedish control over Baltic trade • Pushed back Catholic forces back to Bohemia

15. Battle of Breitenfeld, 1630 • Ended the Hapsburg hope of reuniting Germany • Emperor annuls Edict of Restitution

16. French: “International Phase” • Cardinal Richelieu allied with Protestants (like in earlier Hapsburg-Valois Wars) • Had more political motives rather than religious.

17. Treaty of Westphalia (1648) • Ended Catholic Reformation in Germany • Renewal of Peace of Augsburg (but added Calvinism as accepted faith) • Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire began • Dutch and Swiss independence • Pope not allowed to interfere with political decisions of the HRE • 300+ German states became sovereign

18. Results of 30 Years’ War • Germany physically devastated • (As much as 30% of the population in certain areas perished) • End to wars of religion • Beginning of rise of France as dominant European power; • Rise of Britain & Netherlands

19. English Civil War- Puritan Revolution • Struggle between Monarchy and Parliament over Taxes and Civil Liberties

20. Two Sides of the War • The Monarchy • James I and Charles I believed in “divine right” and absolutism • Monarchy controlled the Anglican church • The Parliament • Made up of Calvinists and Presbyterians

21. King James I (1603- 1625) • Religious Indifference • Gun Powder Plot – Catholics • Hampton Court – Puritans * • Power Driven • Weakened Parliamentary Power • Alternative Revenues (Impositions) • Tonnage – Poundage • Played Favorites • Duke of Buckingham (Rumored Lover) * * • Weak International Stance • Spain + Germany

22. King Charles I (1625 – 1649) • Divine Right of Kings • Inauspicious Beginnings…. • Raised Funds for War (Parliament) * * • Outraged Citizens and Parliament • Parliament: Petition of Rights • No Forced Loans • No Forced Taxation • Due Cause for Imprisonment • Charles (Needed $ Agrees)

23. English Civil War Events • Charles II dissolves the Parliament in 1629 & 1640 • Civil War starts in 1642 • Cavaliers- Monarchists • Roundheads- Calvinists who opposed the King

24. English Civil War map 1642 to 1645

25. Oliver Cromwell (1649 – 1658) • Conquered Ireland + Scotland = G.B. • Military Man: Not Politician • Parliament Wanted to Disband Army (Expense) • Cromwell Disbanded Parliament • Lord Protector – Instrument of Government • Great Debt – Poor Commerce • Navigational Acts Against Holland • Intolerant of Anglicans • Various Forms of Government Fail

26. The New Model Army • Best known of the Parliamentarian armies • Comprised of professional soldiers led by trained generals • Led by Oliver Cromwell • Removed non-Puritains and Presbyterians from the Parliament in 1648 • Defeated the Royalist Armies in 1649

27. 1649-Charles I executed by his own people. • 1649-Cromwell invades Ireland • The English Interregnum was the period of Parliamentary and military rule This era can be divided into four periods.

28. 1649-1653-The Commonwealth of England • Abolished the Monarchy and House of Lords

29. 1653-1658- The Protectorate • Controlled Oliver Cromwell (Lord Protector) • Dissolved the “Rump Parliament” • Denied religious freedoms to Anglicans and Catholics • Established a strict Puritan moral code • Alienated many people • Allowed Jews to return to England • 1652- Act of Property- 60% of land was taken from Catholics and given to Protestants

30. 1658-1659-The Protectorate • Under Richard Cromwell • Ineffective leader • Did not have the backing of the New Model Army • Government was heavily in debt

31. 1659-1660-The second Commonwealth of England • The Rump Parliament restored • The Declaration of Breda –( April 4, 1660) proclamation of Charles II • Conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England • Restored the Crown of England • Guaranteed a "free and general pardon" to any old enemies of Charles I and Charles II who recognized Charles II as their lawful monarch • Promised a free parliament, • Religious toleration.