The Religious Wars

1. The French Civil/Religious Wars The Religious Wars

2. Between 1560 (The League of Augsburg) and 1648 Two Major Wars caused devastation for Europe

3. But the memory of the Religious Wars would go a long ways toward bringing about a religious freedom and the separation of church and state After these wars, Religion would cease to have a major role in European Warfare

4. It must also be considered, that though religion has been cited as the main catalyst for these wars,ECONOMICS and POLITICAL ALLIANCES were perhaps equally important

5. Therefore, when you hear a person say “I’m not religious because religion has caused so much destruction in history.” • Say to them, politely, “Don’t blame religion, buddy, it was economics and political alliances that caused many problems.”

6. The French Religious Wars… • France was largest country in Europe • Calvinism spread quickly into France (Calvin himself was French)

7. In France, a large proportion of the nobility became Protestant • Like Germany, these nobles wanted the right to choose the religion of their area • Many towns converted to Protestantism

8. The Kings of France opposed Calvinism • This includes Francois I • And Henry II

9. Lutherans in Germany and Anglicans in England also opposed the spread of Calvinism—they believed there wasn’t enough room for another religion. Besides, Calvinism was troubling because of its independence

10. Remember, Calvinism did not respect state authority over religious independence. One’s allegiance was to God

11. In France, persecution of the Huguenots begins • Many are burned at Stake

12. These three kings—Francis—1560, Charles IX 1574, and Henry III, 1589 never have a firm hand on the monarchy Henry II dies in a joust—Catherine Medici, his widow, is left with three young sons.

13. The Huguenots, led by the King of Navarre and Admiral Coligny Vs. The Catholic Guise family There were two sides:

14. During this time, France slid into civil war

15. The Huguenots fought for religious liberty

16. The Guises fought to eliminate Calvinism, but they also fought for control of France. Henry III ordered the assassination of the Duke of Guise

17. Catherine de Medici, the queen mother, played both sides against each other.

18. Matters came to a head when Henry, King of Navarre came to Paris to marry Margot, daughter of Catherine de Medici, and sister to the King (1572)

19. Thousands of Huguenots flooded Paris to see the marriage of their King

20. Catherine de Medici orders that the Huguenot leaders are to be killed. Henry of Navarre escapes—but Coligny is murdered.

21. This occurred on St. Bartholomew’s Day. Mob violence broke out as both sides killed each other Thousands of Huguenots were murdered across France. Hell broke lose as mercenaries were hired to participate in the killing

24. In Rome, the pope was delighted with the murder of the Huguenots. He ordered a celebration mass. Medals were struck to remember this Catholic victory.

25. Elizabeth looked at the events in France with horror. She became even more determined to prevent this happening in her country. The Protestants appealed to Elizabeth of England to invade France.

26. The French royal family also tried to lure Elizabeth into marriage with one of their members, the younger son of Catherine, the Duke of Anjou

27. Wisely, Elizabeth kept out of the French mess—she focused her aide on the Netherlands revolt—an area where she could have the most impact

28. This religious fighting in France was chaotic, with armed bands roaming the countryside and many mini-truces among different areas.

29. Gradually, there developed the belief that nothing justified this everlasting chaos and war.

30. The idea that civil order can accommodate more than one religion This belief was that of a politique

31. France looked toward Henry of Navarre to provide the leadership needed.

33. He and Princess Margot never grew close, but she was loyal and supportive. If we remember, Henry had barely escaped from the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

34. The final son, Henry III, of Catherine de Medici was assassinated in 1589. • Now the throne went to the next legal heir, Henry of Navarre—He would now be Henry IV. • Henry had the choice to convert to Catholicism before the Guise family would accept him—he converted in order to gain the throne.

35. He entered Paris, supposedly saying “Paris is worth a Mass” • The Catholics were delighted • The Huguenots were horrified • But Henry took the steps necessary to provide state order and end the French religious wars.

36. This Edict guaranteed civil rights for Huguenots. Paris was off limit to Protestants Henry did not forget the Huguenots. He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598

37. And Henry IV FORCED toleration on his country The Huguenots became less rebellious after the Edict of Nantes

38. Henry IV became one of France’s greatest Kings

39. He amicably divorced Margot, and married Marie de Medici. They had several children.

40. He helped France to rebuild after the wars and promised a “Chicken in Every Pot.”

41. He brought peace and prosperity for 21 years of his rule.

42. He never consulted the French Parliament, the Estates General---Taxes (the taille) were administered directly. Parliament was not consulted.

43. Sadly, Henry was assassinated in 1610 by a crazed Catholic fanatic

44. Ravellic was the assassin. He was “punished” for his deed.

45. Marie ruled alone as a regent for her son, Louis XIII.

46. Over time, Cardinal Richelieu of France gained great influence during the childhood and adulthood of Louis XIII—only dying a year before Louis did. (1642) Richelieu tried to maintain the order of Henry IV—he was the de facto ruler for 32 years

48. The way was paved for France’s greatest absolute monarch, Louis XIV