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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. The Renaissance and Reformation. 14.1 The Renaissance in Italy. The Italian City-States The Renaissance began in Italy, then spread north. Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome.

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation

  2. 14.1 The Renaissance in Italy The Italian City-States • The Renaissance began in Italy, then spread north. • Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. • The wealthy Medici family from Florence & others funded many gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars & scientists.

  3. Venice During the Renaissance

  4. The Renaissance? • Was a time of “renewed” creativity and political, social, economic change • An “awakening” in the 1400s after the dark ages. • A spirit of adventure • Columbus, Copernicus • Humanism- an intellectual movement focused on worldly rather than religious issues. • Believed that education stimulated creative powers • Return to the “humanities” – history, poetry, rhetoric

  5. Golden Age of the Arts • Wealthy patrons including Popes & princes heavily supported. • Much religious & humanist art • Artists learned the rules of perspective & shading & portrayed the human body more accurately. • Use of geometric shapes • R. Architects rejected Gothic style and adopted columns, arches, & domes. Renaissance Rome

  6. The Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art • Leonardo (da Vinci) • Mona Lisa, Last Supper • Also a scientist (airplane) • Michelangelo • Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet • Pieta (Mary cradles Jesus), statue of David, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral • Raphael • The School of Athens, & Madonna paintings Leonardo self-portrait

  7. Leonardo, the Artist • The Virgin of the Rocks • Leonardo daVinci • 1483-1486

  8. Leonardo, the Artist:From his Notebooks of over 5000 pages (1508-1519)

  9. Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4 ?

  10. Mona LisaOR da Vinci??

  11. The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498& Geometry

  12. Deterioration • Detail of Jesus • The Last Supper • Leonardo da Vinci • 1498

  13. Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Notebook • Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.

  14. Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):Pages from his notebook • An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.

  15. Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Pages from his Notebook

  16. Leonardo, the Inventor:Pages from his Notebook

  17. 2. Michelangelo Buonorrati • 1475 – 1564 • He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture.

  18. David • MichelangeloBuonarotti • 1504 • Marble

  19. The Popes as Patrons of the Arts • The Pieta • MichelangeloBuonarroti • 1499 • marble

  20. The Sistine ChapelMichelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 1512

  21. The Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens

  22. The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man

  23. The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment

  24. 3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520) Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518

  25. Perspective! Betrothal of the Virgin Raphael 1504

  26. The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo

  27. Italian R. Writers • Castiglione – The Book of the Courtier • Machiavelli – The Prince • Believed that getting results was more important that keeping promises (deceit in politics)

  28. 14.1 Review • What conditions in Italy contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance? • What is the meaning of “Renaissance?” • In which century did the Renaissance begin? • What is humanism? • What were major changes in art (style) during this time? • Name the three most famous Renaissance artists. • What were the two most famous writers? • What is the meaning of being Machiavellian?

  29. 14.2 The Renaissance Moves North Artists of the Northern Renaissance • Germany – Albrecht Durer • Flemish – van Eyck, Rubens, & Bruegel Peter Paul Rubens

  30. Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500

  31. The English Were More Interested in Architecture than Painting Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more medieval in style].

  32. Burghley House for William Cecil The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.

  33. Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563

  34. Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441) • More courtly and aristocratic work. • Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. • The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

  35. Van Eyck: The Crucifixion&The Last Judgment1420-1425

  36. Humanists • Dutch – Erasmus • Priest who called for the Bible to be translated into the vernacular instead of Latin. • English – Thomas More • Wrote Utopia, describing an ideal society of peace & harmony

  37. Writers • French – Rabelais • English – William Shakespeare • Wrote comedies & tragedies • Enriched the English language w/ 1,700 words • Spanish – Cervantes • Wrote Don Quixote William Shakespeare

  38. The Printing Revolution • In 1456, Johann Gutenberg from Germany used the 1st printing press • 1st complete ed. of the Bible • Used ideas from China & Korea • Brought immense changes • People now learned to read • Learned a broad range of knowledge

  39. Review 14.2 • Name 2 northern Renaissance artists. • Why was Erasmus important? • Who was the most famous Renaissance writer? • Who was the Spanish writer & what was his most famous book? • What was the significance of the printing press? • Who was the first to use it & for what?

  40. 14.3 The Protestant Reformation Abuses in the Church • By R. times, the church was very wealthy & powerful. • Popes had a lavish lifestyle & financed the arts. • To pay for this, some promoted the sale of indulgences. (less time in purgatory) • Once given for good deeds…

  41. Luther’s Protest • In 1517, protests against Church abuses erupted. • Led by a German monk & professor, Martin Luther • In his hometown of Wittenberg, the priest was selling indulgences… • Luther was outraged and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church. • Copies were distributed across Europe & the pope called on Luther to recant his views. • Luther refused & was excommunicated.

  42. The Holy Roman Emperor did not support him & made him an outlaw. • Some princes & thousands of others supported him and renounced the authority of the pope. • Beliefs? • The Bible is the word of God, not the pope. • Salvation through faith, not works • Priests are regular people & could marry. • Only 2/7 sacraments were in the Bible

  43. Why did Lutheranism spread? It was the answer to years of Church corruption. • Many peasants followed him and revolts erupted across Germany. • The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, allowing the new religion to exist. • N. Germany mostly went Lutheran (Protestant) & the S. remained Catholic. Peace of Augsburg, Germany

  44. The Peasant Revolt - 1525

  45. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

  46. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

  47. Calvinism • John Calvin followed Luther in France & Switzerland except he also believed in predestination (all sinners or saints) • Calvinists believed in strict morality, no dancing, no laughing in church • Spread through western Europe & faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans • Other more radical churches formed later, like Anabaptists

  48. Calvin’s World in the 16c

  49. 14.3 Review • What was the “final” reason that Luther rebelled against the Catholic church? • What was the overall reason? • What action did he take and what was the result? • What were the main beliefs that Protestants differed from Catholics? • What was the first protestant church called? • Where in Europe did the protestant religion spread? • What was the 2nd main protestant church that split from the Church?

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