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Unit II Early Beginnings. Chapter 3 The Road to Statehood. Early Native Americans. Divided into 4 Major Periods Paleo Archaic Woodland Mississippian. Paleo 10,000 B.C.- 8,000 B.C.
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Unit IIEarly Beginnings Chapter 3 The Road to Statehood
Early Native Americans Divided into 4 Major Periods • Paleo • Archaic • Woodland • Mississippian
Paleo10,000 B.C.- 8,000 B.C. • Approximately 8000 B.C. At the end of the Ice Age the earliest Americans crossed the land bridge into North America. • Hunted large animals • Scientist have found traces of Paleo Indians in Mississippi.
Archaic8,000 B.C.- 500 B.C. • The Climate became warmer. • Hunted small animals. • No formal writing system • Used stone tools
Woodland500 B.C.- 1,000 A.D. • Developed highly organized societies inMs and Ohio river valleys. • Many locations through out MS. • Tribes built burial mounds over tombs, sometimes shaped those mounds like birds or animals. • Were called Moundbuilders. • Lived along rivers and streams, learned how to farm. • Produced pottery and made copper and stone tools. • Traded outside of MS because of the presence of copper. • As villages increased in size they ttied together politically.
Mississippian1,000 A.D.- 1,600 A.D. • Culture built religious buildings and homes of chiefs on top of their flat rectangular mounds. • Evidence of this culture is through out the Southeast • 2nd largest mound is Emerald Mound near Natchez • Villages were built along streams and were surrounded by wooden defenses. • Farmed maize, beans, and squash. • Hunted with the bow and arrow.
MS Native American Societies • Largest tribes- Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Natchez • Smaller tribes- Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, and Biloxi • The Biloxi Indians spoke a Siouan language, indicating they were closer to Midwestern tribes than those in the Southeast. • All of the other tribes spoke a language related to those in the Southeast.
Native American Societies • Each village governed itself. • Sent representatives to tribal councils • In each village there were several clans • They practice exogamy- married outside the clan. • Native Americans followed a Matriarchal line of descent. All children followed the mother’s family. • Practiced Polygyny- more than one wife, usually sisters. • Strict roles for the sexes. • Women- planted, weeded, harvested, made pottery, tanned hides. • Men- Cleared land, constructed buildings, hunted deer, hunted bear, and fought other tribes.
European Explorers • 1492 Voyage of Christopher Columbus sparked Age of Exploration • 300 years of Exploration
Spanish Explorers • Were 1st to explore Ms. • Hernando de Soto explored Ms looking for gold and silver. • de Soto brought more than 300 soldiers w/him to explore. • Spanish introduced both the hog and horse to North America. • Entered Ms in 1541. • May 1541 crossed the MS. River • De Soto died in1542, his men sank his body in the MS river so the natives would not know he was dead. • With his death remaining soldiers built boats/canoes and floated down the MS and travled along coast to Mexico. • Less than ½ of Soldiers made it to Mexico. • Believe that de Soto and his men killed over 4,000 Native Americans. • De Soto spread disease through his contact w/Native Americans. They had NO natural resistance.
French Explorers • Came to Ms via Canada. • Looking for a water route to Pacific Ocean. • 1673- Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette traveled down MS River as far down as Rosedale At this point realized river flowed into Gulf of Mexico and turned around. • 1682- de La Salle and Henri de Tonti w. Father Zenobious Membre traveled all the down the Ms River and claimed the entire area for France. • Visited w/ Natchez Indians. • La Salle died while trying to establish a settlement at the mouth of the MS River.
European Settlement • Spain, France and England established Colonies in North America. • Fought a series of wars in Europe, Asia and North America between 1667-1783. • 3 Consequences of the Wars: • The territory controlled by each country changes. • Colonist sought the help of native Americans to help support different countries. • Ms was 1st ruled by the French, 2nd English, 3rd Spanish, 4th United States in 1798.
French Settlement • French Government sent Iberville to establish a colony on the gulf. • First landed on Ship Island on Febuary 13,1699. • By March he had located the Mouth of the Mississippi River. Traveled upriver to present day Baton Rouge. Contacted the Natchez Indians and retrieved letter left by Tonti 15 years later. He returned to Ship Island and then established Fort Maurepas, 1st European settlement in MS present day, Ocean Springs. • Left brother Bienville in charge w/80men and returned to France. • Made several more trips to Ms Gulf Coast before his death in 1706. Est. a colony in Mobile, Alabama.
French continued • Iberville abandoned Fort Maurepas due to poor water and soil. • When Iberville was away Bienville was in charge. Bienville established a new fort at the Mouth of the MS called New Orleans. • When several Canadians were killed by the Natchez, Bienville captured several chiefs and kept them hostage until the murders were captured. • In 1716 Bienville built Fort Rosalie @ present day Natchez and Fort St. Pierre at the mouth of the MS and Yazoo.
Fort Rosalie • A community soon developed around Rosalie until 1729. • 1729 local governor demanded Natchez surrender neighboring village. In retaliation they attacked the and killed 200 white people and freed 300 black slaves. • French retaliated w/the help of the Choctaw destroying the Natchez. • Surviving Natchez fled to the Chickasaw in the North.
French and Indian War • War in North America among the British and the French. • Fought to see who would control the Ohio River valley. • 1763 Treaty- France gave up all of its territory east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans, to Great Britain.
British Mississippi • In 1763 area that is now Mississippi was controlled by Britain above the 31 parallel line. • Below the 31st Parallel line was controlled by Spain. Refused to give up Natchez even though it was above the 31st parallel. • 1776 Willing captured and burned Natchez. • New Orleans is now owned by the Spanish • 1779 Spain declared was on Great Britain, The Spanish Gov. of the territory captured Natchez.
Spanish Mississippi • Area prospered under Spanish rule. • Population tripled in a 13 year time period. • Spanish Gov, encouraged American immigration w/land grants and the acceptance of Protestant denominations. • 1800 area produced 1/6 total cotton production from the America’s. • Spain controlled the District but the United States claimed it because it was former British territory.
Territorial Government • 1787 Northwest Ordinance- controlled admission of Ms and most territories. • Prohibited Slavery north of the Ohio River • 3 Stages for admission • Presidential appointment of territorial governor. • Population reaches 5,000 free white men, population can elect assembly. • Territory reaches 60,000 people can write a state constitution.
Land-The Land Ordinance if 1785 • All land divided into townships and sections • Each township is 6 miles square w/36 sections. • Each section is 1 square mile or 640 acres. • 16th section is given to public for Public Education.
Statehood • 1817 Congress divided the territory into 2 states. Alabama and Mississippi • December 10, 1817 Mississippi Enters Union as the 20th State.
