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UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY. BLOOD AND IRON. FACTORS PROMOTING UNITY. Common Nationality Napoleon & Congress of Vienna Zollverein. COMMON NATIONALITY. LATE 18TH CENTURY (DISTINCT PEOPLE) WANTED BY GERMAN EDUCATORS, WRITERS, HISTORIANS, & PHILOSOPHERS. JOHANN FICHTE (1762-1814).

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UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

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  1. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY BLOOD AND IRON

  2. FACTORS PROMOTING UNITY Common Nationality Napoleon & Congress of Vienna Zollverein

  3. COMMON NATIONALITY • LATE 18TH CENTURY (DISTINCT PEOPLE) WANTED BY GERMAN EDUCATORS, WRITERS, HISTORIANS, & PHILOSOPHERS

  4. JOHANN FICHTE (1762-1814) • PHILOSOPHER AROUSED BY NAPOLEON • CLAIMED EXISTENCE OF A “GERMAN SPIRIT” • GERMANY MORE NOBLE & MUST LEAD CIVILIZED WORLD

  5. GEORG HEGEL (1762-1831) • PREDICTED UNIFICATION OF GERMANY • STATE NOT BOUND TO RESPECT ANY INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

  6. JAKOB & WILHELM GRIMM • LINGUISTS TRAVELING GERMANY RESEARCHING DIALECTS & FOLK TALES • PROCLAIMED GERMAN LANGUAGE WAS PRE-EMINENT OVER OTHER LANGUAGES

  7. NAPOLEON’S INFLUENCE • UNIFIED GERMAN PEOPLES AGAINST HIM • WEAKENED AUSTRIAN INFLUENCES OVER GERMANY • 300 GERMAN STATES COMBINED

  8. CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) • GERMAN STATES REDUCED TO 39 DOMINATED BY AUSTRIA • CONFEDERATION (Bund) WAS WEAK & INEFFECTIVE STIRRING NATIONALIST FEELINGS

  9. ZOLLVEREIN (1819) • GERMAN TARIFFS • ENCOURAGED FREE TRADE AMONG GERMAN STATES & MAINTAINED HIGH TARIFFS AGAINST NON-MEMBERS • BENEFITED GERMAN WORKERS, MERCHANTS, & MANUFACTURERS

  10. FAILURE OF THE 1848 REVOLUTION • GERMAN LIBERALS LEAD A SERIES OF REVOLTS AIMED AT ENDING AUTOCRACY & UNIFYING GERMANY • FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY (PARLIAMENT) CONVENED TO INSTITUTE DEMOCRATIC RULE; PROCLAIMED GERMAN UNIFICATION; • OFFERED KING OF PRUSSIA TO BE EMPEROR OF UNIFIED GERMANY

  11. KING OF PRUSSIA REFUSED OFFER CONSERVATIVES RETAKE POWER END OF FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY

  12. LEADERS OF GERMAN UNIFICATION • OTTO von BISMARCK • WILLIAM I • VON MOLTKE

  13. OTTO von BISMARCK • CHIEF MINISTER OF PRUSSIA-1862 • MEMBER OF LANDOWNING ARISTOCRACY (JUNKERS) • PLANNED TO UNITE GERMANY WITH BLOOD & IRON

  14. KAISER WILLIAM I • HOHENZOLLERN KING OF PRUSSIA (1861-1888) • BECAME EMPEROR OF GERMANY -1871 • SUPPORTER OF BISMARCK

  15. HELMUTH von MOLTKE • PRUSSIAN GENERAL & CHIEF OF STAFF • ASSURED BISMARCK’S SUCCESS BY BUILDING LARGE, POWERFUL ARMY & ACHIEVING MILITARY SUCCESS

  16. STEPS IN GERMAN UNIFICATION (1862-1871)

  17. CREATION OF PRUSSIAN MILITARY POWER: STEP 1 • 1862-BISMARCK REQUESTED THE BUILD-UP OF GERMAN MILITARY • PRUSSIAN LEGISLATURE REFUSED • BISMARCK IGNORED LAW MAKERS & VIOLATED PRUSSIAN CONSTITUTION BY RULING AS DICTATOR UNTIL 1867 • BISMARCK & von MOLTKE CREATE STRONG & POWERFUL MILITARY

  18. ELIMINATION OF AUSTRIAN INFLUENCE: STEP 2 • DANISH WAR (1864) • BISMARCK BROUGHT ABOUT WAR W/ DENMARK OVER CONTROL OF SCHLESWIG & HOLSTEIN • WITH HELP FROM AUSTRIA, DENMARK IS DEFEATED • PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA SHARE OWNERSHIP OF THE TWO REGIONS

  19. AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1866) BISMARK STARTS WAR W/ AUSTRIA OVER CONTROL OF CONQUERED REGIONS von MOLTKE’S ARMIES QUICKLY DEFEAT AUSTRIA PRUSSIA GAINS CONTROL OF SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN & AUSTRIA LOOSES CONTROL OF GERMANY

  20. NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION (1867) STEP 3 • BISMARCK ANNEXED SEVERAL NORTH GERMAN STATES & COMPELLED THE REMAINING ONES TO JOIN IN A PRUSSIAN-DOMINATED NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION • SOUTHERN GERMAN STATES REMAIN UNDER PRUSSIAN INFLUENCE DUE TO THE ZOLLVEREIN

  21. FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1867-1871) • BISMARCK STARTS WAR W/ FRANCE TO UNIFY SOUTHERN GERMAN STATES WITH PRUSSIA (NATIONALISTIC FEELINGS) • GENERAL von MOLTKE’S ARMIES INVADED FRANCE & DEFEATED FRENCH AT BATTLE OF SEDAN

  22. WITH THE TREATY OF FRANKFURT • FRANCE CEDED TO GERMANY THE PROVINCES OF ALSACE & LORRAINE (COAL & IRON) • PAY GERMANY HUGE WAR INDEMNITY • CONSENTED TO GERMAN MILITARY OCCUPATION UNTIL INDEMNITY WAS PAID • PLANTED SEEDS FOR WORLD WAR I

  23. ESTABLISHMENT OF GERMAN EMPIRE (1871) • DURING FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR, SOUTHERN GERMAN STATES UNIFIED W/ PRUSSIA • 1871- AT PALACE OF VERSAILLES, BISMARCK PROCLAIMED WILLIAM I AS EMPEROR (KAISER) OF GERMAN EMPIRE

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