Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species

MARSAFENET OPEN CONFERENCE MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE Multiple layers in regulation and compliance (Panel 1: Global and regional approaches) Porto, May 23rd, 2014 Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species Miguel García García-Revillo University of Cordoba

Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species • 1.- The problem of Alien invasive species (AIS) (or IAS) • 2.- AIS and Sea • 3.- International legal framework • 4.- AIS, Marine Environmental Protection and Shipping

1.- The problem of Alien invasive species (AIS) (or IAS) a.- What are Alien Invasive Species b.- Movement of AIS , sometimes beneficial, sometimes catastrophic c.- Patterns of Introduction d.- Current situation Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species

1.- The problem of Alien invasive species (AIS) (or IAS) Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species c.- Patterns of Introduction • Ballast water • Hull Fouling. • Aquaculture/mariculture • Scientific Research • Pets, aquarium species, live bait, live food and plant seeds • Ex situ animal breeding programmes • Inter-basin water transfer and navigational canals (Lessepsian invasions) • Climate Change • Emergency relief, aid and response efforts; international development assistance.

1.- The problem of Alien invasive species (AIS) (or IAS) a.- What are Alien Invasive Species b.- Movement of AIS , sometimes beneficial, sometimes catastrophic c.- Patterns of Introduction d.- Current situation Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species

1.- The problem of Alien invasive species (AIS) (or IAS) 2.- AIS and Sea 3.- International legal framework 4.- AIS, Marine Environmental Protection and Shipping Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species

2.- AIS and Sea Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species Their capability to seriously harm the marine environment A number of ais (marine or not) are transported by sea

GEF-UNDP-IMO GloBallast Partnerships and IOI, 2009: Guidelines for National Ballast Water Status Assessments. GloBallast Monographs No. 17

Zebra mussel in American Great Lakes (1986)

James T. Carlton:Ecological Roulette

3.- International legal framework 3.1.- Conventional Law 3.2.- Customary Law (3.3.- International Responsibility) Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species

3.1.- Conventional Law regulating AIS • A.- Treaties dealing specifically with Alien Invasive Species • B.- Treaties not focused on AIS but containing provisions specifically devoted to AIS • C.- Treaties not focused on AIS and not containing any provision specifically dealing with them but affecting AIS indirectly

A.- Treaties dealing specifically with Alien Invasive Species • .- Ballast Water Convention, 2004, not in force • .- No more special treaties

Global treaties: Convention on Biological Diversity (art.8.h) Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) (art.196) Other treaties: CMS, Int. Watercourses (not in force) Antartic.... Regional Treaties and regulations: .- Caribean, Mediterranean, etc... .- European Union / Council of Europe B.- Treaties not focused on AIS but containing provisions specifically devoted to AIS

Global treaties Regional treaties C.- Treaties not focused on AIS and not containing any provision specifically dealing with them but affecting AIS indirectly.

Global treaties Agreement Concerning Co-Operation in the Quarantine of Plants and their Protection Against Pests and Diseases SPS Agreement International Plant Protection Convention, IPPC (FAO) International Health Regulations Cartagena protocole on Biosafety CITES, Ramsar, Paris (World Heritage) Regional treaties C.- Treaties not focused on AIS and not containing any provision specifically dealing with them but affecting AIS indirectly.

Global treaties Agreement Concerning Co-Operation in the Quarantine of Plants and their Protection Against Pests and Diseases SPS Agreement International Plant Protection Convention, IPPC (FAO) International Health Regulations Cartagena protocole on Biosafety CITES, Ramsar, Paris (World Heritage) Regional treaties Agreement Agreement for the Establishment of the Near East Plant Protection Organization Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region Convention for the establishment of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Phyto-Sanitary Convention for Africa NAFTA Agreement C.- Treaties not focused on AIS and not containing any provision specifically dealing with them but affecting AIS indirectly.

3.2.- Customary Law • Sovereignty over natural resources • The right to regulate the ballast water management (ports, internal waters, territorial sea).

(3.3.- International Responsibility) Most of introductions are: • Non intentional (ballast, hull fouling, etc), or... • Intentional but not generating international responsibility because they are self-introductions (mariculture-fish farming, etc)

4.- AIS, Marine Environmental Protection and Shipping .- The uncomfortable enigma .- AIS, Marine Env. Prot. And Shipping (in this order) .- The upcoming EU Regulation on IAS Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species

Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species Miguel García García-Revillo University of Cordoba MARSAFENET OPEN CONFERENCE MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE Multiple layers in regulation and compliance (Panel 1: Global and regional approaches) Porto, May 23rd, 2014 Thank you for your attention

Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species