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Energy Flow in Living Systems: Understanding ATP, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis

This educational chapter introduces how energy is vital for life, examining ATP as chemical energy, cellular respiration process, and the crucial role of photosynthesis in converting solar energy into food. Topics include glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and fermentation, highlighting the importance of energy transformation in organisms. Explore the interconnected processes that sustain life through energy flow and understand the intricate balance required for maintaining life's order and function.

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Energy Flow in Living Systems: Understanding ATP, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis

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  1. Chapter 6 An Introduction to Energy

  2. Energy makes life possible • Life is highly organized • Creating & maintaining this order requires energy • Organisms perform work • Movement • Manufacturing (new cells, new organelles, new proteins) • Making heat to maintain body temperature • Activity of nervous system: sensation; thinking • All work requires energy

  3. Forms of energy • “Energy” can exist in many forms, not all of which are obvious • Energy can be transformed from one form to another

  4. ATP: adenosine triphosphate • A versatile form of chemical energy used by all cells • Direct energy source for everything an organism does • Food (sugar, fat) is converted into ATP

  5. Chapter 7 Deriving Energy from Food

  6. From Food to ATP Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 36 ADP  (glucose) 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 36 ATP

  7. Cellular Respiration ATP is produced from food in 3 phases: • Glycolysis • Krebs cycle • Electron transport chain

  8. Insert one glucose: 2 ATP Electrons carried by NADH 2 ATP 32 ATP

  9. Glycolysis • First step in breaking down sugar • Takes place in cytosol (cytoplasm) • all living things perform glycolysis • In some bacteria, it’s the only phase of energy harvesting

  10. Cellular Respiration ATP is produced from food in 3 phases: • Step 1: Glycolysis • Happens in cytosol / cytoplas • Breaks glucose into 2 smaller molecul • Releases a little energy • Step 2: Happens inside mitochondria • Releases a lot of energy • Waste products are water and CO2

  11. Cellular Respiration • Step 3: Electron transport • ATP is made from the energy released in previous steps • Requires oxygen • Happens in the mitochondria

  12. Fermentation • An alternative to cellular respiration • A different way to get ATP from sugar • Does NOT need oxygen • Glycolysis is the same, but steps 2&3 are different • Different products: alcohol is one • Makes fewer ATP per glucose (2 vs 36)

  13. Chapter 8 Photosynthesis

  14. Photosynthesis • The work of plants • Original source of ALL foods • Transforms solar energy into chemical energy • In Chloroplasts • Opposite of cellular respiration Energy + CO2 + H2O  Food + O2

  15. Photosynthesis • The oxygen we breathe is a by-product • The CO2 we exhale is cleared from the atmosphere • The “food” is high energy carbohydrates

  16. Visiblelight Photosynthesis The energy comes from sunlight Red and Blue frequencies are absorbed

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