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Interactions in Ecosystems: Habitat vs Niche Review!

This chapter explores the concepts of habitat and niche in ecosystems, including their definitions and examples. It also discusses the principles of competitive exclusion and ecological equivalents, as well as community interactions such as competition, predation, and symbiosis.

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Interactions in Ecosystems: Habitat vs Niche Review!

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  1. Chapter 14 Interactions in Ecosystems: Day One

  2. Habitat versus Niche Review! • What is a habitat? • All of the biotic and abiotic factors in the area where an organism lives. • Examples: grass, trees, and watering holes! • Where it lives!

  3. Habitat versus Niche Review! • What is a niche? • Composed of all of the physical, chemical, and biological factorsthat a species needs to survive • Niche includes: type of food a species eats, tolerating certain types of abiotic conditions, and a species’ behavior. • How it lives! • Habitat is like an address in an ecosystem and a niche is like the job in an ecosystem.

  4. Resource availability • Provides structure to communities • What is a community? • Different groups of species • Many species share similar habitats and use some of the same resources • Florida Everglades

  5. Competitive Exclusion • Can present a problem if two species use the same resource in the same way • One species will always be better adapted to the environment.

  6. Competitive Exclusion • States that when two species are competing for the same resources, one species will be better suitedto the niche, and the other species will be pushed intoanother niche or become extinct. • Example: • In Great Britain, North American gray squirrel (better suited) introduced and pushed out the native European red squirrel. • Caused red squirrel population to decline rapidly.

  7. Other outcomes from competitive exclusion • Niche partitioning: • Divide resources based on competitive advantages • Evolutionary response: • Different sizes of teeth could affect the way they eat

  8. Competitive Exclusion Principle • http://nicolellawhhs.weebly.com/unit-5-chapter-14-interactions-in-ecosystems.html

  9. Ecological equivalents • Are species that occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions. • Examples: Mantella frog of Madagascar and poison dart frog of South America • Both have the same niche in similar habitats, but will never competefor the same resources because they live in different geographical regions.

  10. Community Interactions • Competition and predationare two important ways in which organisms interact. • Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resource.

  11. Competition • Two types of competition: • Interspecific competition: • Competition between two differentspecies (competing for space) • Examples: cats and dogs

  12. Competition • Two types of competition: • Intraspecific competition: • Competition between members of the same species • Examples: male birds, lions

  13. Predation • Process by which one organism captures and feedsupon another organism. Timber Rattlesnake

  14. More Community Interactions • Symbiosis: • Any relationship where two species live closelytogether and interact. • 3 types: • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

  15. Relationships Between Organisms • http://nicolellawhhs.weebly.com/unit-5-chapter-14-interactions-in-ecosystems.html

  16. Ticket Out the Door • Complete the table about factors that influence ecosystems. • When does competition occur? • What is a resource? • What is the competitive exclusion principle? • What is predation? • When predation occurs, what is the organism called that does the killing AND eating, and what is the food organism called?

  17. Chapter 14 Interactions in Ecosystems: Day One Continued…

  18. Mutualism • Both species benefitfrom the relationship. • Example: • Ants and aphids: Ants get a sugary substance from the plants while the plant receives protection from the ants

  19. Commensalism • One organism benefits while the other is unaffected. • Example: • Barnacles on whales: Barnacles “hitch” a ride on the whale gathering food during transport; the whales receives nothing out of the relationship

  20. Parasitism • One organism benefits while the other is harmed. • Examples: • Flea and dog: Flea gets home/food while the dog is harmed because the flea feeds on its blood!

  21. Parasites • Two types of parasites: • Ectoparasite: lives on the outside of an organism, attaching itself to the outside of the host • Examples: fleas, ticks, and leeches • Endoparasite: found on the inside of living organisms, feed on nutrients ingested by their host • Examples: tapeworms and hookworms

  22. Symbiotic Relationships – Untamed Science • http://nicolellawhhs.weebly.com/unit-5-chapter-14-interactions-in-ecosystems.html

  23. Ticket out the Door • Determine which ecological factors are a part of a lion’s niche and which are a part of a lion’s habitat by placing the above items in the correct column. • Items: food, hunting behavior, other lions, trees, watering hole, wildebeast, zebra, sand, temperature, grass, savanna • What are the three possible outcomes of competitive exclusion? • What are ecological equivalents? • Complete the table about main classes of symbiotic relationships. • The organism from which a parasite obtains nutritional needs is called a(an) _________________________.

  24. Chapter 14 Interactions in Ecosystem: Day Two

  25. Populations • What is a population? • A group of the same speciesof organism living in the same place.

  26. Characteristics of Populations • How do populations grow? • Four important characteristics of a population are: • Geographic distribution • Population density • Growth rate • Age structure

  27. Geographic Distribution • May also be called it’s range • Describes the area inhabited by a population • Varies in size depending upon the type of organism

  28. Geographic dispersion • Shows how individuals in a population are spaced • Allows ecologists to study population dispersion • Way in which individuals of a population are spread in an area or a volume • Three types of population dispersion: • Clumped dispersion • Uniform dispersion • Random Dispersion

  29. Clumped dispersion • Individuals live close together in groups in order to facilitate mating, gain protection, or access food

  30. Uniform dispersion • Individuals living at specific distancesfrom one another • Caused by territoriality and intraspecific competition

  31. Random dispersion • Individuals are spread randomly within an area or volume

  32. Population Dispersion • http://nicolellawhhs.weebly.com/unit-5-chapter-14-interactions-in-ecosystems.html

  33. Population density • Number of individuals per unit area (defined space) • Varies greatly depending on the species and ecosystem • Measures the “crowdedness” of an area • Population density = # of individuals area (units2)

  34. Population growth • Affected by three factors • Number of births • Number of deaths • Number individuals that enter and leave the population • Immigration – movement INTO an area • Emigration – movement OUT of an area

  35. Ticket Out the Door • What are four main characteristics of a population? • What is a population’s geographic distribution? • Another term for geographic distribution is ____________________. • What is population density? • What three factors affect population size? • If more individuals are born than die in any period of time, how will the population change? • Complete the table about changes in population size.

  36. Chapter 14 Interactions in Ecosystem: Day Two Continued…

  37. Population growth based on available resources • Growth is a function of the environment • Directly determined by the amount of resourcesavailable • Two distinct types of population growth • Exponential • Logistic

  38. Exponential growth • Population has abundant space and food • Occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate • Lack of limiting factors(causes population growth to decrease) • Shown as a J-shaped curve in a graph • Examples: bacteria!

  39. More on exponential growth • When a population has unlimited resources and continues to grow to its full living potential, it is called its biotic potential. • A population that has reached biotic potential has reached its maximum reproductive capacity. • That means it has reproduced as much as it can!

  40. Logistic Growth • Occurs when the population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth • Most realistic • Caused by resources becoming less available • Influenced by limiting factors • Can slow down when birthrate decreases or death rate increases • Represented as an S-shaped curve

  41. Carrying Capacity • Represented as K • Largest number of individuals that a given environment can support • Can change when the environment changes • Region A= very close to exponential growth • Region B= declining birthrate; inc. death rate • Region C= pop. reaches K; usually fluctuates around Carrying Capacity

  42. Limiting factors • Is a factor that causes population growth to decrease • Two types of limiting factors: • Density-dependent • Density-independent

  43. Density-Dependent Factors • Depends on population size • Becomes limiting only when the population densityreaches a certain level • Density is the number of organisms per unit area • Best seen when population is large and dense • Do not affect small, scattered populations • Examples: competition, predation, parasitism, and disease

  44. Competition • Occurs if crowded organisms compete for food, water, space, sunlight, and other essentials • Can occurs between members of the same species • Can also occur between members of different species…remember no two species can occupy the same niche in the same place at the same time

  45. Effect of Predation • Population size often controlled by predation • Takes place in the predator-prey relationship • Best mechanism of population control

  46. Parasitism and Disease • Limit growth of population • Take nourishment at the expense of their hosts often weakening them and causing disease and death

  47. Density-Independent Factors • Affect all populations regardless of size • Examples: unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, and human activities • Can see a population crash • Dramatic declinein the population size over time

  48. Age Structure • Population growth depends on how many people of different agesmake up a given population. • Populations with large numbers of young offspring have greater potential for rapid growth • Population Pyramids or Age-Structure Diagrams show age structure in a population.

  49. Patterns of Population Growth • The scientific study of human populations is called demography • Examines the characteristics of human populations and attempts to explain how those populations will change over time • Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure of a population help predict why some countries have high growth rates while other countries grow more slowly

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