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Motivation: Theories and Criticisms

Delve into main motivation theories like Instinct and Drive-Reduction, explore hunger factors, and analyze social motivation theories. Discover the complexities of emotions, stress, and personality traits. Learn about defense mechanisms, psychosexual stages, and assessing personalities. Unravel the enigma of disorders, therapy goals, and diverse treatment methods. Gain insights on the intricate interplay of psychological factors contributing to human behavior and mental well-being.

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Motivation: Theories and Criticisms

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  1. Ch.12: Motivation • Main Theories • Hunger • Social Motivation

  2. Theories • Instinct • Criticism: do we have instincts? • Drive-Reduction • Reduce a drive, goal is homeostasis • Criticism: motivations not based on physiological needs? • Incentive • Rewards (intrinsic or extrinsic) • Criticism: motivations not based on physiological needs? • Arousal • Curiosity, find a good medium level of arousal • Hierarchy of Needs • Motivated to reach self-actualization • Criticism: do we always go in the order of the pyramid?

  3. Hunger • Brain • Hypothalamus • Lateral: I’m hungry! • Ventromedial: Stop eating! • Hormones • Insulin: blood glucose, too low = hungry! • Leptin: decrease hunger! • Set Point (thermostat in body) • Other • Social, cultural, time of day • Anorexia vs. bulimia

  4. Achievement • Affiliation vs. ostracism • Achievement- desire for significant accomplishment • Intrinsic vs. extrinsic

  5. Ch.13: Emotions • Theories • Facial Expressions • Aggression

  6. Theories • James-Lange • Later labels • Cannon Bard • Label at the same time • Schacter-Singer (Two Factor) • Cognitive label

  7. Facial Expressions • Facial expressions are innate • Facial and behavioral feedback hypothesis

  8. Aggression • Catharsis • Does not help long term

  9. Ch.14: Stress • Theories • Physiological Effects

  10. Theories • Cognitive • Stress comes from how we perceive an event • G.A.S. (Selye) • Alarm, resistance, exhaustion • Type A vs. Type B • A= competitive (stress!) • B= chill (less stress!)

  11. Physiological • Activates sympathetic nervous system • Stress leads to: • Coronary heart disease • Immune system breaks down • Ulcers • depression

  12. Ch.15: Personality • Theories • Defense Mechanisms • Psychosexual Stages • Assessing Personalities • Criticism

  13. Theories • Psychoanalytical (Freud) • Conflicts between Id, Superego, and Ego. (Freud) • Repressed unconscious drives developed in childhood (Freud) • Neo-Freudian/Psychodynamic • Our collective unconscious (Jung) • childhood inferiority (Adler) • childhood anxiety (Horney) • Humanistic • Our desire to reach self-actualization (Maslow) • how much unconditional positive regard we have received (Rogers) • Trait • Big 5: CANOE (Costa and McCrae) • Social Cognitive • Reciprocal determinism (Bandura) • Locus of control, explanatory style, self-efficacy, learned helplessness

  14. Psychoanalytical:Defense Mechanisms • See Handout! • Repression (biggest one to know): block unwanted memories • Regression: back to child • Denial: reject truth • Displacement: take out anger on someone else • Projection: put our attributes on someone else • Rationalization: making excuses • Reaction Formation: believe opposite of what we feel • Sublimation: convert bad actions into more acceptable

  15. Psychoanalytical: Psychosexual Stages • Conflicts must be resolved • You may, however, be fixated on one stage

  16. Assessing Personality • Psychoanalytical • Free association • Projective tests (TAT, inkblot) • Humanistic • Answer question: Who am I? • Trait • Personality inventory (MMPI, Myers Briggs) • Social-Cognitive • Assess in real life situations

  17. Criticism • Psychoanalytical • too much on unconscious and sex • Test results are not reliable or valid • Humanistic • Vague and subjective, too self-centered, and naively optimistic. • Trait • Traits may vary from situation to situation depending on the environment • Socio-Cognitive • Does not focus enough on the actual person (gives too much credit to other factors)

  18. Ch.16: Disorders • Disorders • Explaining • DSM-IV • Labeling

  19. Disorders • Look at Disorders Handout! • Mood Disorders • Anxiety Disorders • Personality • Dissociative • Somatoform • Schizophrenia • Developmental • Eating

  20. Explaining Disorders • See slide 15 (earlier)

  21. DSM-IV • Medical model- diseases have causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured (in most cases) • DSM-IV describes these diseases.

  22. Labeling • Rosenhan Study • People may be treated differently when they are labeled.

  23. Ch.17: Therapy • History • Goals of Therapy • Methods Used • Criticism

  24. History • (Past)- lobotomies, ECT, hypnosis • Dorothea Dix • Eclectic Approach

  25. Goals of Therapy • See slide 16 (earlier)

  26. Methods Used • Psychoanalytical (Freud) • Free association (look for resistance and transference) • Analyze dreams • Cognitive • Cognitive-behavior therapy (Beck) • Rational Emotive Therapy (Ellis) • Behavioral • Classical: counterconditioning, exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning • Operant: behavior modification, token economy (Skinner) • Social: modeling • Humanistic • Client-centered therapy, active listening (Rogers) • Biomedical • Drugs, ECT, light exposure

  27. Criticism • Psychoanalytical • Finds root of problem, but does not fix problem • subjective • Cognitive • Sometimes negative thinking is justifiable • Behavioral • Does not address root of problem • Humanistic • Overly optimistic • Biomedical • Side effects, over-medicating

  28. Other • Group and Family therapy- therapeutic sharing and listening to other ideas. • Psychologist vs. psychiatrist: • Psychiatrist can prescribe medication

  29. Ch.18: Social Psychology • How We Think About Each Other • Attribution • Attitudes and Actions • How We Influence Each Other • Conformity • Obedience • Group Influence • How We Relate to Each Other • Prejudice/Bias • Aggression • Attraction • Conflict • Altruism

  30. Attribution • Fundamental attribution error • Self-serving bias • Self-fulfilling prophecy Fund. Attrib. Error

  31. Attitudes and Actions • Role Playing • Zimbardo Prison experiment • Foot-in-the-door phenomenon • Cognitive-Dissonance (Festinger) • Persuasion • Central vs. peripheral route

  32. Conformity • Asch line experiment • Normative social influence • Informational social influence • Conformity is high when: • 3 or more people • Unanimous • One is made to feel incompetent

  33. Obedience • Milgram shock experiment • Obedience is high when: • Authority figure present • Victim is depersonalized • No role models

  34. Group Influence • Social Facilitation • Run faster around people • Social Loafing • Less effort in group • Deindividuation • Scream at refs in group • Group polarization • Groups ideas enhance yours • Groupthink • Irrational decision because it sounds good

  35. Prejudice/Bias • Scapegoat • Blaming someone • Ingroup bias • Favor your group • Ethnocentrism • My culture is better than yours • Stereotype • generalizing

  36. Aggression • Frustration leads to aggression • Catharsis

  37. Attraction • Mere exposure effect • Similarity • Proximity

  38. Conflict • Social Traps • Become selfish instead of thinking helping our collective well being

  39. Altruism • Bystander effect • Why we help • We notice, interpret emergency, assume responsibility • Social Exchange • Rewards exceed costs • Reciprocity Norm • We help those who help us • Social Responsibility Norm • Help those dependent on them • Feel Good, Do Good • Help when in a good mood

  40. Ch.7: Consciousness • Sleep • Sleep Disorders • Dreams • Hypnosis • Drugs

  41. Daily cycle of sleeping and waking (24 hour cycle) Controlled by light Influenced by melatonin Sleep: Circadian Rhythm

  42. Sleep: Stages

  43. Sleep: REM • REM- dreaming stage • REM Rebound- when deprived of REM, we get into REM faster

  44. Sleep: Theories • Evolution • Brain • Memory • Growth

  45. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • Somnambulism • Narcolepsy • Sleep Apnea • Night Terrors

  46. Dream Theories • Freud/Psychoanalytical • Manifest content • Latent content • Activation-Synthesis • Info-Processing • Lucid Dreaming

  47. Hypnosis • Social Influence (not real, just more suggestibility) • Divided Conscious (real state of conscious) (Hilgard)

  48. Drugs • Depressants • alcohol • Stimulants • meth • Opiates • heroin • Hallucinogens • LSD

  49. Mr. Greene says. . . • You’re prepared, let fate do the rest. • At the end of the day (regardless of your score), can you honestly say “I did everything that I could.” • If yes, then you have already won • If no, then use your experience as a learning tool. • You cannot control the outcome, you can only control everything up to the outcome. • Good luck!

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