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Civil War

Sea Power & Maritime Affairs. Lesson 5. Civil War. Two American Navies 1861-1865. Admin. Anything you want to include Quizzes Assignments Etc. Last Class. Post War of 1812 (1815-1860) Commercial & geographic expansion Navy’s role in expansion Mexican-American War

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Civil War

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  1. Sea Power & Maritime Affairs Lesson 5 Civil War Two American Navies 1861-1865

  2. Admin • Anything you want to include • Quizzes • Assignments • Etc

  3. Last Class Post War of 1812 (1815-1860) • Commercial & geographic expansion • Navy’s role in expansion • Mexican-American War • Revolution in Navy technology • Steam propulsion, gunnery, artillery • Navy reorganization & modernization

  4. Today American Civil War • Causes • Outbreak of war • Union and Confederate strategies • Navies' roles in war • Lessons from war

  5. 8 Key Themes • Navy as an instrument of foreign policy • Interaction between Congress and Navy • Interservicerelations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy & Tactics • Evolution of US Naval Doctrine • Future missions of Navy and USMC

  6. Why did it happen?

  7. Video (1 of 4) Video (2 of 4) Video (3 of 4) Video (4 of 4)

  8. Slavery Above every other reason.

  9. Slavery Highly complex issue • 1804: Slave trade abolished in north • 1808: External slave trade abolished by Congress Northern View: • Slavery was immoral and contradicted with constitution. • Others didn’t care either way • Northern economy and their livelihoods had become less dependent on it.

  10. Southern View: Saw slaves as property and livelihood. To threaten property and livelihood was unconstitutional and un-American. Bottom Line • As slavery became less necessary in northern economy, its popularity began to wane in northern and central states. • Abolitionist sentiment gained momentum and tension built.

  11. Slavery Main question that plagued the US: How to deal with states that joined the Union? Slave or free? • Both sides were afraid of tipping the balance of power, so they reached ever more tenuous agreements: • Wilmot Proviso (1846) • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

  12. Alternate Arguments for Civil War • States Rights v. Federal Rights • Common argument, but it is rooted in a state’s right to determine if slavery should be legal. • Trade rights • Northern economy relied on inner-US trade • Southern economy relied on foreign trade • North pressed for higher tariffs to encourage Americans to buy American products, but south succeeded in continuously lowering tariffs. This hurt northern economy. • Bottom Line: Economies in conflict

  13. Precursors to War Tension continued to build • Radical abolitionists • John Brown Raid (1859) • Equally radical southerners • Rep. Preston Brooks (SC) severely beat Sen. Charles Sumner (MA) on the floor of the US Senate. • Rise of the Republican Party • Anti-slavery party • Carried House and Senate in 1854 • Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)

  14. How did the dominos fall? • Lincoln wins election of 1860 • Secessions • SC secedes • (6) others • Form the Confederate States of America (CSA) • Montgomery, AL • Jefferson Davis • West Point Grad

  15. How did the dominos fall? • Militia and military organized • Seize federal forts and depots • Obtain valuable arms caches • Only a few forts hold out • Siege existing forts • US Navy responsible for resupplying them • Fort Sumpter, SC • Negotiation go nowhere • President James Buchanan does nothing Who did the Northern states care? Preserver the Union

  16. What was the direct catalyst? Battle of Fort Sumpter • April 12, 1861 • South Carolina militia opened fire on federal forces at Fort Sumpter • Fort forced to surrender • War begins

  17. Are both sides prepared for war? • No What do they need to do? • Raise and Army • Raise a Navy • Start the “war machine”

  18. Strategic Advantages & Disadvantages North • Population • Infrastructure • Industry • Transportation • Ports, coastlines, waterways • Government • Military • Army • Navy South • Population • Infrastructure • Industry • Transportation • Ports, coastlines, waterways • Government • Military • Army • Navy

  19. Strategic Advantages & Disadvantages

  20. What did it mean for strategy? Union Confederacy • Destined to win if the war was long. • Enormous disadvantage with a long war. • Needed: • Quick victory or alliance • Use creativity to fullest

  21. Big Picture Strategies North • “Anaconda Plan” • Surround South • Split in two parts • Press in on all sides • Goliath defeats David South • Attrition • Protracted War • “Will to fight” • Foreign intervention • Ingenuity & Resolve

  22. Anaconda Plan

  23. Anaconda Plan 1. Surround South 2. Split in two parts 3. Press in on all sides Bonus: Richmond

  24. Naval Strategies Gideon Welles SecNav Union Stephen Mallory SecNav Confederacy

  25. Naval Strategies Union South Anaconda Plan • Blockade • Take southern ports • Forward logistic bases • Riverine Operations • Mississippi • Other Southern Rivers • Combined Ops with Army • Gunfire Bombardment • Amphibious Assaults • Gunfire Support Immediate ship building • Aggressive • Ingenuity Costal Defense • Blockade breaking & running Commerce Raiding • Privateering • Confederate States Navy Shipping Embargo Out-build and out-number. Harass and survive.

  26. Blockade (April 1861) Hampton Roads (1862) Island No. 10 (1862) Ft Henry & Donelson (1862) Hatteras & Roanoke (1861-62) Wilmington (1865) Vicksburg (1862-63) Port Royal (1861) Charleston (1863) Mobile Bay (1864) New Orleans (1862)

  27. Navy in the East

  28. Union Commanders ADM Samuel DuPont Nobody Franklin Buchanan

  29. Goals Strengthen Blockade 42 to 700 ships Destroy piracy Alabama v. Kearsarge Transport soldiers Peninsular Campaign Maintain own commerce & supply Defeat Confederate commerce & supply Requirements Control of Seas Ports for blockading ships Port Royal, SC Take major Confederate ports Charleston, SC Savannah, GA Wilmington, NC Union Eastern Goals

  30. Goals Blockade Running Guerre de Course Sustain Commercial Interests International assistance Requirements Build ships Ingenuity over number Letters of Marque Privateering Guerre de Course Appeals to foreign powers Great Britain Confederacy Eastern Goals

  31. War Begins 1861 Action / Reaction • “Paper Blockade” • Blockade Running • Privateering & Guerre de Course • Union targets privateers • Privateering diminishes quickly • Safer and more profitable to smuggle • Abandon & Seize Norfolk • 1000 cannon / dry-dock / 11 ships • Raise USS Merrimack (CSS Virginia)

  32. War Begins 1861 Action / Reaction • Shipbuilding • Union: Number & Technology • Confederacy: Technology • Overseas building • Matthew Fontaine Maury v. John Ericcson • Ironclads (rams) • Mine torpedoes • Torpedo boats • CSS Hunley (submarine)

  33. Technology • Monitors • Turret • Eads Boats & Riverine Boats • Timberclads • Cairo-Class • Neosho-Class Monitors • Milwaukee-Class Monitors • Torpedo Boats • Defensive Mines

  34. Defensive Mines

  35. Torpedo Boats

  36. Defensive Mines • USS Tecumseh at Mobile Bay (5 Aug 64) • Eads Gunboat Cairo near Vicksburg (12 Dec 62) • Mine countermeasure tactics • Retrieval, minesweeping & countermining

  37. Torpedo Boats • Spar-mounted Torpedo (“Spar Torpedo”) • Ram mine into side of ship • Near suicide • Gave impetus to design a launched torpedo

  38. Submarines • Concept: submerged torpedo boat • Problem: None that were built had… • Reliable propulsion • Sufficient air • Means to safely submerge • Union Built (1): Intelligent Whale • Confederates built (2): • Obscure boat in New Orleans • H. L. Hunley

  39. CSS Hunley

  40. Ironclads

  41. CSS Albemarle

  42. Formal Naval Tactics • Nothing existed during Civil War • Leaders depended on inspiration and common sense

  43. Blue Water War Commerce Raiding Smuggling

  44. Guerre de Course Civilian Privateers • Letters of Marque (1861) • Only 50 of 300 • More $$ in blockade running Confederate Guerre de Course • 250 of 300 • Built in Britain • James D. Bullock • 1862

  45. Guerre de Course CSS Alabama Rafael Semmes 69 vessels $6.5 million CSS Florida John Maffitt 39 vessels CSS Shenandoah James Waddell 38 vessels Whaling Fleet

  46. Guerre de Course- CSS Alabama

  47. Battle of Cherbourg CSS Alabama v. USS Kearsarge

  48. Guerre de Course- CSS Shenandoah

  49. Guerre de Course Results • Diverted ships from blockade • 24 ships at one point for Alabama • Interest rates • Change national registry • Set merchant shipping back 50 years Did it have an impact? Yes, but not enough.

  50. Blockade Running

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