1. ARABIC 241 THE CONTINUITY OF OLD CLEAVGES Tribe, Village, City

2. Introduction • Ibn Khaldun and the Arab Society • Badu/Hadar

3. Transition: stelment of bedouin, rural-urban migration • Formation of new social classes-Uneven Integration among Arab societies

4. Bedouin life: Bedouins are independents, generous, they have the sens of integrity. • Bedouin social organization: tribe, subtribe, family, nuclear family. • Khuawa (protection money) from weaker tribes

5. Usually bedouin do not have religious establishment- lack of religious conscience. They have their own customs (‘araf) instead of shari’a. • Bedouin values: solidarity, chivalry, hospitality, individuality, and simplicity. • Asabiyya (cohesion): based on blood and symbiotic ties which based on nasab (kinship).

6. Peasantry and Village: Until 1950, 75% of Arabs lived in villages. • Village organization: beit or beni is the basic unit among peasants. The extended family structure is based on a web relations centered on land cultivation.

7. The City: Urbanization of Society • City social Organization • Urban Value Orientations