Chapter 3 Electricity, Components and Circuits

2. Chapter 3 Electricity, Components and Circuits

3. Electricity Current and Voltage. • Electrons are negatively-charged atomic particles. • Electric current is the flow of electrons through a material.

4. Electricity Current and Voltage. • The magnitude of a current is the number of electrons flowing past a given point in one second. • Measured in amperes. • 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb/second. • 1 coulomb ≈ 6.24 billion billion (6.24 x 1018) electrons. • Abbreviated to ”Amp” or “A”. • Use symbol “I” in formulas. • Current is measured using an ammeter.

5. Electricity Current and Voltage. • Voltage is the electrical force that causes electrons to flow. • a.k.a. – Electromotive force (EMF) or potential. • Measured in volts. • Abbreviated to “V” • Use symbol “E” in formulas • Voltage is measured using a voltmeter.

6. Electricity Current and Voltage. • Voltage has polarity. • Positive voltage attracts electrons. • Negative voltage repels electrons. • Voltage is always referenced between 2 points. • Surface of the earth is often used as a universal reference point. • Called earth ground, ground potential, or ground.

7. Electricity Current and Voltage. • Direct and alternating current. • A current where the electrons always flow in the same direction is called a direct current (DC). • A current where the direction the electrons are flowing reverses is called an alternating current (AC). • A voltage that always has the same polarity is called a direct voltage (VDC). • A voltage where the polarity changes is called an alternating voltage (VAC).

8. T5A01 -- Electrical current is measured in which of the following units? • Volts • Watts • Ohms • Amperes

9. T5A03 -- What is the name for the flow of electrons in an electric circuit? • Voltage • Resistance • Capacitance • Current

10. T5A04 -- What is the name for a current that flows only in one direction? • Alternating current • Direct current • Normal current • Smooth current

11. T5A05 -- What is the electrical term for the electromotive force (EMF) that causes electron flow? • Voltage • Ampere-hours • Capacitance • Inductance

12. T5A09 -- What is the name for a current that reverses direction on a regular basis? • Alternating current • Direct current • Circular current • Vertical current

13. T5A11 -- What is the unit of electromotive force? • The volt • The watt • The ampere • The ohm

14. T7D01 -- Which instrument would you use to measure electric potential or electromotive force? • An ammeter • A voltmeter • A wavemeter • An ohmmeter

15. T7D04 -- Which instrument is used to measure electric current? • An ohmmeter • A wavemeter • A voltmeter • An ammeter

16. Electricity Circuits. • A circuit is any path where current can flow. • For current to flow, the circuit must be closed. • Current eventually ends up back where it started. • If only one path, it is a series circuit. • Same current flows through all components. • If multiple paths, it is a parallel circuit. • Same voltage is across all components.

17. Electricity Circuits. • Electrical pressure and flow. • The flow of water through a hose is a good analogy to understand the characteristics of electricity and how they are related.

18. Electricity Circuits. • Series circuit. • The voltage across each component varies depending on the type and value of each component. • The sum of all voltages around the circuit is zero. • The same current flows through all components.

19. Electricity Circuits. • Parallel circuit. • The voltage across each component is the same. • The sum of all currents in each component equals the total current. • The current at the junction of 2 components varies depending on the type and value of each component.

20. Electricity Circuits. • Measuring voltage and current. • Voltmeters are always placed in parallel with the circuit. • Ammeters are always placed in series with the circuit.

21. T5A13 -- In which type of circuit is current the same through all components? • Series • Parallel • Resonant • Branch

22. T5A14 -- In which type of circuit is voltage the same across all components? • Series • Parallel • Resonant • Branch

23. T5D13 -- What happens to current at the junction of two components in series? • It divides equally between them • It is unchanged • It divides based on the on the value of the components • The current in the second component is zero

24. T5D14 -- What happens to current at the junction of two components in parallel? • It divides between them dependent on the value of the components • It is the same in both components • Its value doubles • Its value is halved

25. T5D15 -- What is the voltage across each of two components in series with a voltage source? • The same voltage as the source • Half the source voltage • It is determined by the type and value of the components • Twice the source voltage

26. T5D16 -- What is the voltage across each of two components in parallel with a voltage source? • It is determined by the type and value of the components • Half the source voltage • Twice the source voltage • The same voltage as the source

27. T7D02 -- What is the correct way to connect a voltmeter to a circuit? • In series with the circuit • In parallel with the circuit • In quadrature with the circuit • In phase with the circuit

28. T7D03 -- How is a simple ammeter connected to a circuit? • In series with the circuit • In parallel with the circuit • In quadrature with the circuit • In phase with the circuit

29. Electricity The Multimeter. • The most basic piece of test equipment. • Everybody should have one. • Three (or more) instruments in one: • Voltmeter • Ammeter • Ohmmeter • Measures volts, amperes, and ohms in one package.

30. Electricity The Multimeter. • Digital multimeter (DVM) • Very inexpensive. • Often has extra features in addition to measuring volts, amps, & ohms.

31. Electricity The Multimeter. • Meters can only measure current. • A voltmeter measures voltage by: • Placing a known resistance in parallel with the voltage being measured. • Measuring the current through the known resistance. • Calculating the voltage using Ohm’s law. • An ohmmeter measures resistance by: • Applying a known voltage to the circuit being measured. • Measuring the resulting current. • Calculating the resistance using Ohm’s law.

32. Electricity The Multimeter. • Measuring resistance. • NEVER attempt to measure resistance with power applied to the circuit. • You WILL damage your multimeter. • NEVER attempt to measure voltage with the resistance setting. • You WILL damage your multimeter.

33. Electricity The Multimeter. • When measuring high voltages, make certain that the voltmeter and the test leads are rated for the voltage being measured. • If a resistance reading is initially very low but slowly increases to a higher value, it indicates the presence of a large capacitance in the circuit.

34. T7D06 -- Which of the following might damage a multimeter? • Measuring a voltage too small for the chosen scale • Leaving the meter in the milliamps position overnight • Attempting to measure voltage when using the resistance setting • Not allowing it to warm up properly

35. T7D07 -- Which of the following measurements are commonly made using a multimeter? • SWR and RF power • Signal strength and noise • Impedance and reactance • Voltage and resistance

36. T7D10 -- What is probably happening when an ohmmeter, connected across an unpowered circuit, initially indicates a low resistance and then shows increasing resistance with time? • The ohmmeter is defective • The circuit contains a large capacitor • The circuit contains a large inductor • The circuit is a relaxation oscillator

37. T7D11 -- Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring circuit resistance with an ohmmeter? • Ensure that the applied voltages are correct • Ensure that the circuit is not powered • Ensure that the circuit is grounded • Ensure that the circuit is operating at the correct frequency

38. T7D12 -- Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring high voltages with a voltmeter? • Ensure that the voltmeter has very low impedance • Ensure that the voltmeter and leads are rated for use at the voltages to be measured • Ensure that the circuit is grounded through the voltmeter • Ensure that the voltmeter is set to the correct frequency

39. Electricity Resistance and Ohm’s Law. • Resistance • The opposition to the flow of electrons. • All materials exhibit resistance. • Materials with low resistance are called conductors. • Materials with high resistance are called insulators. • Unit of measurement is the Ohm (Ω). • Measured with an ohmmeter.

40. T5A07 -- Which of the following is a good electrical conductor? • Glass • Wood • Copper • Rubber

41. T5A08 -- Which of the following is a good electrical insulator? • Copper • Glass • Aluminum • Mercury

42. T7D05 -- What instrument is used to measure resistance? • An oscilloscope • A spectrum analyzer • A noise bridge • An ohmmeter

43. Electricity Resistance and Ohm’s Law. • First published in 1827 by Georg Ohm in his book “Die galvanischeKette, mathematischbearbeitet ” • Mathematically describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. • Most basic formula in electricity and electronics.

44. Electricity Resistance and Ohm’s Law. • E = Electromotive Force • Force causing electrons to flow. • I = Current Intensity • Number of electrons flowing past a point in a given period of time. • R = Resistance • Opposition to flow of electrons. E = I x R I = E/R R = E/I

45. T5D01 -- What formula is used to calculate current in a circuit? • Current (I) equals voltage (E) multiplied by resistance (R) • Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided by resistance (R) • Current (I) equals voltage (E) added to resistance (R) • Current (I) equals voltage (E) minus resistance (R)

46. T5D02 -- What formula is used to calculate voltage in a circuit? • Voltage (E) equals current (I) multiplied by resistance (R) • Voltage (E) equals current (I) divided by resistance (R) • Voltage (E) equals current (I) added to resistance (R) • Voltage (E) equals current (I) minus resistance (R)

47. T5D03 -- What formula is used to calculate resistance in a circuit? • Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I) • Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I) • Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) added to current (I) • Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) minus current (I)

48. T5D04 -- What is the resistance of a circuit in which a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts? • 3 ohms • 30 ohms • 93 ohms • 270 ohms

49. T5D05 -- What is the resistance in a circuit for which the applied voltage is 12 volts and the current flow is 1.5 amperes? • 18 ohms • 0.125 ohms • 8 ohms • 13.5 ohms

50. T5D06 -- What is the resistance of a circuit that draws 4 amperes from a 12-volt source? • 3 ohms • 16 ohms • 48 ohms • 8 ohms