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Understanding the Cardiovascular System: Heart, Blood Vessels & Circulation

Explore the anatomy of the heart, its chambers, great vessels, valves, and the conduction system. Learn about blood circulation routes and the anatomy of blood vessels.

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Understanding the Cardiovascular System: Heart, Blood Vessels & Circulation

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  1. Chapter 14 The Cardiovascular System

  2. Introduction • Cardiovascular system: heart, blood and blood vessels • Cardiac muscle • Makes up bulk of heart • Provides force to pump blood • Function: transports blood

  3. The Anatomy of the Heart

  4. Introduction • Located in the mediastinum • Surrounded by pericardial sac • Fibrous pericardium: outer layer • Serous pericardium: inner layer

  5. The Layers of the Heart Wall • Epicardium: outermost layer • Pericardial cavity: separates epicardium and serous pericardium • Myocardium: middle muscular layer • Endocardium: lines the heart

  6. The Layers of the Heart Wall (cont’d.)

  7. The Chambers of the Heart • Upper chambers: right and left atria • Lower chambers: right and left ventricles • Chambers separated internally by septum • External separations • Coronary sulcus: separates atria and ventricles • Interventricular sulci: separate ventricles

  8. Chambers of the Heart (cont’d.)

  9. The Great Vessels of the Heart • Superior vena cava • Receives blood from upper body • Inferior vena cava • Receives blood from lower body • Coronary sinus: drains blood from heart

  10. The Great Vessels of the Heart (cont’d.) • Pulmonary trunk: right and left artery • Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs • Pulmonary veins (four): return oxygenated blood to heart • Ascending aorta: oxygenated blood out to body • Aortic arch, descending thoracic, abdominal

  11. Four chambers of the heart and great vessels

  12. The Valves of the Heart • Atrioventricular • Tricuspid (three cusps) • Between right atrium and right ventricle • Bicuspid (two cusps) • Between left atrium and right ventricle • Cusps attach to ventricles by chordae tendineae

  13. The Valves of the Heart (cont’d.) • Semilunar • Pulmonary • Right ventricle • Pulmonary trunk exits the heart • Aortic • Left ventricle • Ascending aorta leaves the heart

  14. Blood Flow Through the Heart

  15. Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.) • Two atria contract while ventricles relax • Two ventricles contract while atria relax • Deoxygenated blood returns from body to right atrium • Sent to right ventricle, which pumps blood to lungs • Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium

  16. Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.) • Sent to left ventricle • Left ventricle sends blood to the body via the ascending aorta

  17. The Conduction System of the Heart

  18. The Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d.) • Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker; initiates impulse  • Atrioventricular (AV) node: sends impulse to AV bundle • Bundle of His: sends impulses to both sides of system • Purkinje’s fibers: send impulse to myocardial cells

  19. The Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d.)

  20. Animation – The Heart See the conduction system at work in the 3-D Heart animation.

  21. A Cardiac Cycle

  22. A Cardiac Cycle (cont’d.) • One cycle • Atria contract / ventricles relax • Ventricles contract / atria relax • Systole: contraction phase • Diastole: relaxation phase

  23. Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes

  24. Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes (cont’d.) • Systemic circulation • All blood leaving left ventricle (oxygenated) • All blood returning to right atrium (deoxygenated) • Subdivisions • Coronary circulation • Hepatic portal circulation

  25. Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes (cont’d.) • Pulmonary: blood flow to lungs for gas exchange • Cerebral: route to the brain • Fetal: between developing fetus and mother

  26. Anatomy of Blood Vessels

  27. Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.) • Arteries and veins have three layers • Tunica intima: innermost layers • Tunica media: middle layer • Tunica adventitia: outer layer • Lumen: blood vessel cavity • Anastomosis: junction of blood vessels

  28. Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.) • Arteries: thicker and stronger than veins • Arterioles: small arteries attach to capillaries • Capillaries: gas nutrient and waste exchange • Venules: connect capillaries to veins • Veins: less elastic than arteries, contain valves

  29. Major Arteries and Veins of the Body

  30. Ascending Aorta Branches • Right and left coronary arteries branch off and supply the heart

  31. Aortic Arch Branches • 1st branch: brachiocephalic artery • Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery • 2nd branch: left common carotid artery • Left internal carotid artery and left external carotid artery • 3rd branch: left subclavian artery • Vertebral artery, axillary artery, brachial artery and radial and ulnar arteries

  32. Thoracic Aorta Branches • 10 pairs of intercostal arteries • Bronchial arteries • Esophageal arteries • Phrenic arteries

  33. Abdominal Aorta Branches • Celiac trunk • Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries • Right and left renal arteries • Right and left gonadal arteries • Lumbar arteries • Right and left common iliac artery • Femoral artery

  34. Abdominal Aorta Branches (cont’d.) • Veins • Found closer to surface than arteries • Converge with: • Superior vena cava • Inferior vena cava • Veins are often named identically to arteries

  35. Veins Merging into the Superior Vena Cava • Radial and ulnar veins form brachial vein • Empties into axillary vein • Cephalic vein • Basilic vein • Subclavian vein • Vertebral vein • Internal jugular vein

  36. Veins Merging into the Superior Vena Cava (cont’d.) • Right and left brachiocephalic veins • Azygos vein

  37. Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava • Anterior and posterior tibial veins • Peroneal vein • Popliteal/femoral veins • External iliac vein • Great saphenous veins • Right and left common iliac veins • Right and left gonadal veins

  38. Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava (cont’d.) • Right and left renal veins • Hepatic portal vein • Right and left hepatic veins

  39. Animation – Ventricular Fibrillation • The following animation illustrates the seriousness of an ineffective quivering action of the ventricles of the heart, known as ventricular fibrillation [Insert VentricularFib.swf]

  40. Animation – Congestive Heart Failure Read about this condition in the Health Alert box on Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in your textbook. Now watch the congestive heart failure animation. [Insert CHF.swf]

  41. Summary • Named the layers of the heart wall • Named the chambers and valves of the heart • Described blood flow through the heart • Described the conduction system of the heart • Discussed the stages of the cardiac cycle

  42. Summary (cont’d.) • Compared the anatomy of a vein, artery and capillary • Named the major blood circulatory routes and blood vessels

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