ALICE: diffraction studies, status and plans

1. ALICE: diffraction studies, status and plans Introduction Summary of measurementson DiffractivePhysics Central Diffractive studies Planstoimprove performance of ALICE in diffractivephysics PlansforDiffractive studies in p-Pb Conclusion p-Pb 2013 Results and prospects of forward physics at the LHC: Implicationsforthestudy of diffraction, cosmicrayinteractions and more. CERN, feb. 11-12, 2013 Gerardo Herrera Corral 1

2. Introduction 2

3. ALICE=1200 members 132 institute 36 countries Central Barrel 2 p tracking & PID |h| < 1 ZDC AD-R AD-L ZDC VZERO (trigger) h: (-1.7, -3.7), (2.8–5.1) T0 ZDC (centrality) FMD (Nch -3.4<h<5) PMD (Ng, Nch) Muon Spectrometer (-4 < h < -2.5) 3

4. allknowntechniquesfor particleidentification: inclusive and exclusive particleproduction in centrallyproduced systems, in various channels … in progress TPC TOF ITS HMPID TRD 5 4

5. LHC heavy ion runs • Two heavy-ion runs at the LHC so far: • 2010 – commissioning and first data taking • 2011 – above nominal instant luminosity • p–Pb & Pb–p - 2013 • Goal ~ 30 nb-1 pilot run September 13th 2012 4 papers submitted • Long Shutdown in 2013-2014 5

6. Summary of measurementson Diffractive Physics Measurements of Diffractive and Inelastic Cross Section 6

7. Eventsamples • Data at threeenergies: = 0.9 2.76 7 TeV • Lowluminosity, low pile-up: • averagenumber of collisions per bunchcrossing = 0.1 • Triggerused: MinimumBias – OR i.e. • at leastone hit in SPD or VZERO • VZERO signalshould be in time withparticlesproduced in thecollisions 2.8<η<5.1 -2.0<η<2.0 VZERO-R -3.7<η<-1.7 DATA SPD VZERO-L • Filled and emptybunchbucketsusedtomeasurebeaminduced • background, accidentalsduetoelectronicsnoise and cosmicshowers 7

8. theory double - diffractiveproton-protonscattering elastic - single - experiment Silicon Pixel Detector <2 Forward Multiplicity 1.7< <5.0 Forward Multiplicity -3.4< <-1.7 ALICE V0-L -1.7< η< -3.7 V0-R 2.8< η< 5.1 =+) lowest- highest - pseudorapidity 8

9. offline eventclasification: “1 arm-L” “1 arm-R” “2 arm” muon spectrometer =+ ) <0 1-arm-L >0 1-arm-R and 2-arm iflargest 2-arm if both 1-arm-L If 1-arm-R If 9

10. 2-arm events tuning PYTHIA and PHOJET double diffractionto experimental width distribution of twoarmevents largest adjusted arXiv:1208.4968[hep-ex] • Once DD ischosenthe ratios 1-arm-L and 1-arm-R to 2-arm • can be usedto compute SD fractions. 10

11. efficiency/in-efficiency versus diffractivemassfor SD : probability of notdetecting efficiencyfor a SD to be classified as 1-armL(R) PYTHIA 6 efficiencyto be classified as 2-arm efficiencyto be taken as theopposite efficienciesused: mean between PYTHIA and PHOJET efficiency of SD & NSD to be classified as 1-arm L(R), 2-arm 11

12. at highenergythe ratio remainsconstant consistentwith UA5 resultssymmetricdespitedifferent acceptancefrom ALICE correctedforacceptance, efficiency, beambackground, electronicnoise and collisionpileup DD eventsdefined as NSD withlarge gap with 12

13. Measurementof Inelastic Cross Section MB-and : coincidence of VZERO-L and –R in a van der Meerscan VZERO-R =A SPD acc. and eff. determined withadjustedsimulation VZERO-L 13

14. Measurements of Diffractive Cross Section single diffractive withinelasticcrosssection and relativeratesweobtain SD and DDcrosssections forwe do nothave vdMscan and from UA5 wasused doublediffractive Gotsman et al. Goulianos Kaidalov et al. Ostapchenko Ryskin et al. 14

15. Central Diffractive Physics Central diffraction in protonprotoncollisions at = 7 TeV 15

16. Double Gap topology as a filterfor Central Diffraction CD with single Diffractive dissociation CD withdouble Diffractive dissociation Central Diffraction 16

17. Double Gap topology 1.8 gap 2.8 gap 4.2 gap Number of Double Gap events = Number of VZERO-L –R coincidence Potentialmeasure of theamount of Central Diffractiveevents in MinimumBias data 17

18. Double Gap fraction in protonproton • fraction • uniformover • several data • takingperiods • Next: • turnitinto a • crosssection we are exploringtheinvariantmassdistribution 18

19. planstoimproveALICE performance on photoninduced and diffractivephysics 19

20. stations of scintillationdetectors - Proposed - AD-R & AD-L alreadyinstalled ηcoveragewouldincreasefrom 8.2 to 15 unitslowdiffractivemass VZEROC VZEROA AD-L2 AD-L AD-R AD-R2 20m 55m 18m Installed for beam diagnostic 55m Installed for beam diagnostic 20

21. AD-R installed and operating as beamloss monitor moved IP 17 m 8 m AD-R 21

22. Diffractive Physics- Beam Loss Scintillator layout AD-R z = + 8 m AD-R VZERO-R VZERO-L • Two arrays of 4 scintillators 25x25x4 cm surrounding the beam pipe both sides of the interaction point, mounted on EMI9814B PMTs (gain 3x107) • Conceived for diffractive physics • Readout board: Beam Phase Intensity Monitor • Bunch by bunch rates, collision and background. AD-L 22

23. The only Beam radiation monitoring • system capable of detecting minimum • ionizing particles • Measuresrelativerates of • backgroundparticles and collision • productsentering ALICE 23

24. ALICE – DiffractiveR AD-R Present: • beam monitor with • asynchronousread-out • of chargedeposited in the • detectors→working Future: • interestingdiffractive • physicsusingtheparticle • identificationof ALICE … • could be offline trigger 24

25. Integration of AD-L and AD-R in ALICE wouldenhanceconsiderablythe efficiency at lowdiffractivemass. 25

26. Plansfor Diffractive Physics studies in p-Pb 26

27. proton - Pb, 2 millioneventscollected in september 2012 Pseudo- rapidity density of charged particles ALICE Collab. arXiv:1210.3615 nuclear modification shadowing parameter tunedto data at lower energy 27

28. ALICE Collab. arXiv:1210.4520 Nuclear Modification Factor thesuppresionobserved in PbPbisnotthe result of cold nuclear matter 28

29. Diffractivephysics in proton - Pb • diffractivephysics in p A isalmostcompletelyunknown • Onecouldanalyze central diffractionprocessessearching • several final states : • Compare pp and pA • Triggerimplemented, goal: 20000 goodevents in pion • channels proton • Preliminar resultsmay be readyforsummer Pb 29

30. Conclusions • A rich program on Pb–Pb, proton-Pb and proton proton in the years to come • Low pT , photon induced and diffractive physics have started to produce results and will continue to do so • In the long shutdown, the efficiency for Diffractive proton-proton could be enhanced by integrating to ALICE DAQ the information from new detectors, → AD forward detectors • Forward calorimetry • (talk by Thomas Peitzmann coming) • Ultra Peripheral Collisions Studies • (talk by EvgenyKryshen) 30

31. back up

32. Detector location ADA1 z = + 8 m ADD1 z = -18.5 m 23

33. performance on April 12 2012 Bunches seen in the BPIM Beam Phase and Intensity Monitor Losses seen in the AD-L 24 Time →

34. offline triggger single diffractive PYTHIAPHOJET Gap tagger in a sensitive region of pseudorapidity to separate SD and DD events. arb. units ADD2 AD-L AD-R PHOJETPYTHIA ADA2 low diffractive mass SD DD

35. ALICE upgrade • luminosity upgrade – 50 kHz target minimum-bias rate for Pb–Pb • run ALICE at this high rate • improved vertex measurement and tracking at low pT • preserve particle-identification capability • high-luminosity operation without dead-time • new, smaller radius beam pipe • new inner tracker (ITS) (performance and rate upgrade) • high-rate upgrade for the readout of the TPC, TRD, TOF, CALs, DAQ-HLT, Muon-Arm and Trigger detectors • target for installation and commissioning LS2 (2018) • collect more than 10 nb-1 of integrated luminosity • implies running with heavy ions for a few years after LS3 • physics program – factor > 100 increase in statistics • (today maximum readout ALICE ~ 500 Hz) • for triggered probes increase in statistics by factor > 10

36. all known techniques for particle identification: SPD SDD SSD TPC TOF ITS HMPID Inner Tracking System TRD 3 silicon technologies low momentum acceptance high granularity low material budget 6

37. all known techniques for particle identification: drift gas 90% Ne - 10%CO2 for tracking and PID via dE/dx - 0.9 <  < 0.9 TPC TOF ITS HMPID TRD Time Projection Chamberlargest ever: 88 m3, 570 k channels 7

38. DOUBLE STACK OF 0.5 mm GLASS cathode pick up pad Edge of active area Resistive layer (cathode) 5 gaps Resistive layer (anode) anode pick up pad 5 gaps Resistive layer (anode) Resistive layer (cathode) cathode pick up pad all known techniques for particle identification: Time Of Flight Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers for p, K, p PID p, K for p <2 GeV/c p for p <4 GeV/c TPC - 0.9 <  < 0.9 full f TOF ITS HMPID TRD 8

39. all known techniques for particle identification: - 0.9 <  < 0.9 Transition Radiation Detector • Large (800 m2), high • granularity (> 1M ch.) for e PID,p>1 GeV/c for e and high pt trigger, p>3 GeV/c TPC fiber radiator to induce TR (g > 2000) TOF ITS HMPID TRD 9

40. 7 modules, each ~1.5 x 1.5 m2 all known techniques for particle identification: High Momentum Particle Identification TPC TOF ITS RICH HMPID TRD 10

41. MB1 = V0C or SPD or V0A

42. MC studies No ADA or ADD: GF0 && (!V0A) && (!V0C) ADA and ADD: GF0 && (!V0A) && (!V0C) && (!ADA) && (!ADD) pp 7 TeV PHOJET assuming 100% efficiency