International Expansion and Conflict

1. International Expansion and Conflict

2. Anticipation Guide • The US purchased Alaska from ______________. • The US gained the Hawaiian territory for these reasons: _________________ and _________________. • Isolationism is ________________________.

3. Anticipation Guide • The US purchased Alaska from ______________. • The US gained the Hawaiian territory for these reasons: _________________ and _________________. • Isolationism is ________________________.

4. Reasons for Expansion 1. Economics – imperialism was popular toward the end of the 19th century. • People in the US believed they needed to begin to look beyond their borders to acquire over seas colonies • This would provide the US with more markets

5. Reasons for Expansion 2. Defense- maintain national defense • Captain Alfed T. Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History • Argued that the US needed a powerful navy if it hoped to be a world power.

6. Reasons for Expansion • Nationalism and “Destiny” • National pride • Looked back on the idea of Manifest Destiny and applied it outside of the US.

7. Reasons for Expansion • Rudyard Kupling’s famous poem The White Man’s Burden helped to endorse the belief that the US had a burden to “civilize” and help “lesser peoples”

8. The White Man’s Burden Take up the White Man's burden--No tawdry rule of kings,But toil of serf and sweeper--The tale of common things.The ports ye shall not enter,The roads ye shall not tread,Go mark them with your liing,And mark them with your dead.Take up the White Man's burden--And reap his old reward:The blame of those ye better,The hate of those ye guard--The cry of hosts ye humour(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--"Why brought he us from bondage,Our loved Egyptian night?" Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen FollyBring all your hopes to nought. Take up the White Man's burden--Ye dare not stoop to less--Nor call too loud on FreedomTo cloke (1) your weariness;By all ye cry or whisper,By all ye leave or do,The silent, sullen peoplesShall weigh your gods and you.Take up the White Man's burden--Have done with childish days--The lightly proferredlaurel, (2)The easy, ungrudged praise.Comes now, to search your manhoodThrough all the thankless yearsCold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,The judgment of your peers!

9. Reasons against Expansion Isolationism – many disputed the idea of expansion and preached isolationism. • They felt that taking colonies would lead the US into conflicts and war.

10. The Pacific • 1st place to expand • Why? – leads to the markets of China and Southeast Asia.

11. The Pacific • Secretary of State William Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia. • $7.2 Million • 1867 • People thought it was foolish and called it a mistake: • “Seward’s Folly”

12. The Pacific • People were wrong. • Got the Russians away from US • Rich in natural resources • Timber • Coal • Iron ore • Gold • Oil etc…

13. The Pacific • Hawaii was next. • Wanted for a potential Navy port • Economically important • Sugar plantations • In 1893- US plantation owners rebelled against Queen Liliuokalani • 1898 - territory

15. Anticipation Guide • ______________ caused the US to declare war on Spain. • As a result of the Spanish-American War _________ and ____________ became US territories. • Teddy Roosevelt led the _______________________ in Cuba during the war.

16. The Spanish-American War • Late 1800s- Cuba is still under Spanish rule • Cuban people rebelled in 1895 • Spanish punished them by sending many Cubans to concentration camps that had terrible living conditions. • Many died.

17. The Spanish-American War • Pressure was on the US to do something about it. • Newspapers were competing for the best stories. • Journalism began to be about exaggerating the truth in order to sell papers. • “Yellow Journalism”

18. The Spanish-American War • The war began as a result of the USS Maine sinking. • It exploded while anchored in a Cuban harbor. • Newspapers immediately blamed Spain. • US citizens demand war.

19. The Spanish-American War • Much later… figured out that it was accidental. • Congress declared war in April 1898

20. The Spanish-American War • US Commodore George Dewey was sent to the Philippines (another Spanish colony) during the war. • He took control of the Philippines for the US.

21. The Spanish American War • Teddy Roosevelt (wasn’t president yet) led the Rough Riders to victory in Cuba. • Less than 3 months the US defeated Spain.

22. Results of the War • Treaty of Paris (1898) ended the War. • Teller Amendment – promised Spain that Cuban would remain independent and not be made a territory. • Cuba in turn had to allow two US Naval bases to be put there.

23. Results of the War • Puerto Rico became a territory of the US and still is today. • Guam also became a territory.

24. Results of the War • The Philippines: • People in the US didn’t understand why we took it as a territory. • It was SO FAR AWAY! • Eventually in 1946 the Philippines became an independent country.

25. Anticipation Guide Wrap Up • ______________ caused the US to declare war on Spain. • As a result of the Spanish-American War _________ and ____________ became US territories. • Teddy Roosevelt led the _______________________ in Cuba during the war.

26. Anticipation Guide • After the Spanish-American war China ________________________ • In order to create a fast sea route the ______________________ was created. • Teddy Roosevelt promoted _______________ diplomacy.

27. After the War • In addition to protecting our new territories the US was also now focusing on trade is Asia. • US feared that European powers would try to monopolize trade with China.

28. China • US insisted on the Open Door Policy • Leaves China open for trade and commerce to the US.

29. China • China: in China there were nationalists that wanted to end foreign influence in China. • These nationalists called “Boxers” massacred 300 foreigners and Chinese Christians to begin the Boxer Rebellion.

30. China • The US and other imperial powers sent troops to put down the rebellion. • Strongly affirmed the Open Door Policy.

31. Panama Canal • Canal to move naval ships from one side of American to the other relatively quickly. • US backed a revolution in Colombia. • Nation of Panama was created and the US funded the digging and construction of the canal.

32. The Roosevelt Corollary • By the 1900s the US was becoming a major world power. • TR issued the Roosevelt Corollary: statement which expanded upon the Monroe Doctrine. • REMEMBER: Monroe Doctrine: US to Europe: The Americans are closed for colonization, don’t come over here and we won’t bother you.

33. The Roosevelt Corollary • Modified the statement saying that the US could interfere with other American nations if there had trouble paying their debts. • This is also known as Big Stick Diplomacy • Name comes from a West African saying “speak softly and care a big stick; you will go far”

34. Big Stick Diplomacy • Means: • The US did not intend to be threatening to others in the Western Hemisphere • BUT it would not hesitate to protect its own interests.

35. William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy • Taft wanted to “substitute money for bullets” • Promoted “Dollar Diplomacy” • Idea that the US could best maintain order by increasing US foreign investments. • Invest in Latin American, Caribbean, China • ‘buy influence’

36. Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral/Missionary Diplomacy” • 1913- President Woodrow Wilson denounced “dollar diplomacy”. • Promoted “moral diplomacy”. • Role of the US to promote moral progress and democracy around the world.

37. “America was established not to create wealth but to realize a vision, to realize an ideal - to discover and maintain liberty among men.”

38. Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral/Missionary Diplomacy” • Wilson opposed imperialism and said that • “the US will not seek one additional foot of territory by conquest”

39. Anticipation Guide • After the Spanish-American war China ________________________ • In order to create a fast sea route the ______________________ was created. • Teddy Roosevelt promoted _______________ diplomacy.

40. WWI – Roots of the War • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism The MAIN causes of WWI were militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism.

41. Militarism • The process by which a nation builds up its military might for the purpose of intimidating and deterring other countries. • Led to and arms race in which countries try to out produce each other in military supplies and weapons.

42. Alliances • Agreements between nations to help each other in the event of war. • This causes a domino affect of war. • By 1914 almost every country had alliance agreement with another country(ies).

43. Imperialism • Acquired lands overseas by conquest. • This causes other countries to be on edge and may cause wars over territories.

44. Nationalism • Pride for ones own country or nationality. • Nationalism was sweeping across Europe leading up to WWI. • Caused nations to be more concerned with their own interests than Europe’s as a whole.

45. The Spark that Ignited WWI • June 28, 1914 • Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne) was visiting the province of Bosnia. • In Bosnia there was a Serbian nationalist group known as “Black Hand”

46. The Spark that Ignited WWI • Members of the “Black Hand” believed that Bosnia belonged to Serbia and not Austria-Hungary. • They assassinated the Archduke and his wife.

47. The Spark that Ignited WWI • Austrian-Hungary blamed Serbia and threatened to go to War. • Russia was Serbia’s ally and prepared for war. • Germany was Austria-Hungary’s ally and was brought into the mix.

48. And on and on and on and on… • The dominos continued to fall and in 2 months all of Europe was divided and at war.

49. New Technology (WWI) • Machine gun – mechanical gun that could fire lots of rounds very rapidly • Hand grenades- hand-held explosives that could be thrown • Mustard gas- poisonous gas first used by the Germans

50. WWI • These new technologies changed the way wars were fought. • Both sides found it difficult to adjust to • Stalemate