Presentation Transcript

1. Chapter 6

   The Middle Atlantic Colonies
2. Breadbasket colonies (1625-1700) While the Puritans were building settlements in New England, other settlers were establishing colonies to the south. This region included present-day New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania Came to be known as the Middle Atlantic Colonies. The first settlers discovered that when the land was cleared of rocks and trees, it was good for farming. The summers were long The amount of rain was just right for crops such as wheat, corn and rye. The Middle Atlantic Colonies produced so many crops used in making bread that it became known as the “Breadbasket” colonies.
3. New Netherland The Dutch began to build settlements in their own colony, called New Netherland. They settled in parts of what are today New York, New Jersey and Delaware. They came to the area because the explorer, Henry Hudson, had claimed it for their country, Holland, in 1609. A few years after Hudson’s visit, the New Netherland Company established several trading posts in the Hudson River valley. In 1621, the Dutch West India Company took control of trade in the area. The first Dutch settlers arrived three years later. Some were sent to a fort on the Delaware River, and others sailed to a fort on the Hudson River.
4. The Dutch In 1626, the Dutch began building a fort and laying out a town on Manhattan Island in New York Bay. They called the settlement New Amsterdam.
5. New Amsterdam grows In that same year (1626), Peter Minuit (one of the directs of the New Netherlands Colony) bought Manhattan Island from the Manhattan Indians. Over the next few years, New Amsterdam grew and became the capital of New Netherlands. The Dutch built other settlements that would one day become Brooklyn, Kingston, Rensselaer, and Schenectady, New York. The Dutch welcomed settlers from many countries to New Amsterdam Came from Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy and Spain Among these newcomers was the first group of Jews to settle in North America. They did not have many of the same rights as Christian colonists had. Jews could not work certain jobs and count not freely practice their religion.
6. New Netherland Becomes New York In 1646, The Dutch West India Company appointed Peter Stuyvesant as director general of New Netherland. When he arrived the following year, he found New Netherland in trouble. The government was having problems. The settlers were fighting over land with the neighboring Delaware and Wappinger Indians and with other European colonists. Not long after he arrived, though, Stuyvesant helped resolve the conflicts over land. His strong way of ruling helped solve some problems, but created problems between him and the colonists.
7. Stuyvesant’s Leadership New Problems The colonists wanted more voice in their government, but Stuyvesant would not allow it. Despite the problems, the colony prospered. He expanded New Netherland into what is now New Jersey. They then pushed south into what is now Delaware, taking over the small colony of New Sweden in 1655.
8. Tensions Rise Swedish settlers had founded New Sweden in 1638. It was chiefly a group of trading posts built around Fort Christina, where Wilmington, Delaware stands today. Even though the population of New Amsterdam remained small, the English still thought that the Dutch colony prevented their own colonies from expanding. This was one reason why King Charles II of England declared war on Holland. Told his brother, James (the Duke of York), that if he could seize them, he could have them.
9. The Battle over New Sweden In 1664, English warships sailed into the harbor at New Amsterdam. Stuyvesant tried to get the Dutch settlers to fight the English, but they refused. Stuyvesant had to give up the colony. The English split up New Netherlands, giving it the present-day names of New Jersey and New York. New York City grew from the Dutch capital, New Amsterdam.
10. Videos Colonial New York The Dutch Establishes New Netherlands Minuit’s Contributions Stuyvesant’s Contributions The Fall to the English
11. New Jersey Not long after the English divided New Netherland, the Duke of York gave New Jersey and part of New York to John Berkeley and George Carteret. They offered to sell the land at low prices to anyone in England willing to settle in North America. Among them were: Numerous members of the Society of Friends (Quakers)
12. The Quakers In 1674, a group of Quakers led by Edward Bylinge bought Berkeley’s share of New Jersey. They started the first colony in North America by Quakers. They believed that all people are equal and basically good. They believed violence is wrong. They refused to carry guns or to fight. They believed in solving all problems peacefully. In England, Quakers were often treated poorly because of their beliefs and their refusal to fight for the king. They hoped to find a safe place in New Jersey. Could live and worship as they pleased.
13. Pennsylvania While New Jersey was being sold to groups of Quakers, King Charles II gave a charter to William Penn, who had become a Quaker. The charter made Penn the proprietor of what is now Pennsylvania. The king owed a debt to Penn’s father, so in return, he granted William Penn the region. Penn wanted to call his new colony, Sylvania, which means “woods.” King Charles asked that the land be named Pennsylvania. Means “Penn’s woods” to honor William’s father.
14. William Penn Before coming to Pennsylvania, William Penn planned his colony’s government. In 1682, he wrote a document called the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania. It provided for a legislature called the General Assembly to make laws for the colony. Also provided for the citizens of Pennsylvania to have freedom of speech, freedom of worship and trial by jury. Trial by jury guarantees a person accused of breaking the law the right to be tried by a jury of fellow citizens.
15. Penn Arrives in Pennsylvania Penn met with many of the leaders of the local Delaware Indian tribes. He paid them for most of the land King Charles II had given him. Legend says that Penn and Tamenend, a chief of the Delaware people, exchanged wampum belts as a sign of friendship. Indian leaders came to respect Penn and believed he was their friend. Penn said, “Let them have justice, and you will win them.”
16. Delaware Penn also became the owner of what is now Delaware. When colonists there asked for their own general assembly, Penn granted it to them. The first Delaware General Assembly met in 1704.
17. Market Towns Most people in the Middle Atlantic colonies made their living by farming. Because the soil was fertile and the land was not too mountainous, many were able to develop farms. They were able to grow enough food to feed their families and also have a surplus. Farmers depended on the market towns to trade their livestock and their surplus farm produce. In most Market Towns, there were: General store- sold goods, such as tools, cloth, shoes, stockings and buttons. Cobbler shop- made and repaired shoes Gristmill- grain was ground into flour and meal Sawmill- logs sawed into lumber.
18. Middle Atlantic Colonies The colonies welcomed people of different religions Towns in these colonies often had more than one kind of church. A Presbyterian church might be only a block away from a Methodist Church and a Quaker meetinghouse. Interest in religion led to the Great Awakening. A movement that called for the rebirth of religious ways of life. This quickly spread through other English colonies during the 1730s and 1740s.
19. Great Awakening Sermons In the North American colonies, it was led at first by a minister named George Whitefield. He traveled from Maine to Georgia preaching sermons. Not everyone was happy about Whitefield or the Great Awakening, but it contributed to a new sense of unity among the English colonists.
20. Section 2: Colonial Philadelphia William Penn planned not only Pennsylvania’s government, but also its settlements. Philadelphia became the largest and wealthiest city in all of the English colonies in North America. By 1770, it had more than 28,000 people
21. Early Colonial Days William Penn named his colony’s chief city Philadelphia, which means “brotherly love” in Greek. Founded on the idea that people of diverse backgrounds could get along with other people. Was reflected in the layout of most of the colony’s settlements. Wanted to divide settlements into township Each township would be 5,000 acres of land Enough room for ten families Land belonging to individual families would be carved out of the township in giant pie-like slices. Wanted them to build their homes at the tips of the slices so that every family could be within walking distance of one another and of whatever church they chose to build.
22. Philadelphia’s layout Penn had a different layout in mind for Philadelphia, his colony’s most important town. It covered a strip of land between the Schuylkill River on the west and the Delaware River on the east.
23. Philadelphia Early drawings of one plan looked like a checkerboard, with straight streets laid out in great squares. Public parks added open spaces to the city that Penn called “a green country town.” Philadelphia’s location Near good land and waterways- contributed to the growth in shipping and trading. During the 1700s, it developed into one of the busiest ports in the English colonies. Exported wheat, corn, rye, hemp and flax. Imports consisted mostly of manufactured goods from England which were then sent all over the Middle Atlantic colonies. By 1710, it had become the largest city in the colonies.
24. The People of Philadelphia Philadelphia not only became the main port for imports, but also for immigrants. An immigrant is a person who comes into a country to make a new home there. According to Reverend William Smith, the people of Philadelphia were “a people, thrown together from various quarters of the world, differing in all things—language, manners and sentiment [attitude].” The largest group in Philadelphia were made up of English and Welsh Quakers. They had arrived with William Penn. Later, Irish Catholics, German Lutherans and Jews from many countries arrived. Free Africans came, too.
25. Immigrants Some came to Philadelphia to find refuge from war and famine (shortage of food) in their homelands. Others came because Philadelphia quickly became known for offering economic opportunity. Immigrants included: Farmers Skilled workers, such as: Bakers Blacksmiths Butchers Carpenters Shoemakers, and Tailors. They set up their own shops, selling goods and services.
26. German Immigrants One of the largest groups to arrive came from what is now Germany. They brought with them many of their customs and traditions, including barn raising. First, a farmer dug his barn foundation and prepared a frame made of lumber. Then, he invited his friends and neighbors and their families to help raise the frame into place. To feed all of the people, the families prepared huge meals. German immigrant gunmakers developed the long-barrel gun called the Pennsylvania rifle. In the1700s, it was the most accurate rifle in the world. It was particularly valued on the frontier for hunting.
27. Inventions German craftworkers also designed a deep-bellied wagon known as the Conestoga. They were larger than regular wagons and were used mainly by farmers to carry produce to the market.
28. The Scotch-Irish Scotch-Irish settlers also came to Pennsylvania. These people were from Scotland who had settled in northern Ireland in the 1600s. Many of them and their descendents came to the English colonies. They entered through the port of Philadelphia. They then moved into the hilly frontier areas located near the Appalachian Mountains.
29. Benjamin Franklin As a citizen, Benjamin Franklin left a strong mark on the growing city. He organized the first trained firefighting company in 13 colonies and the first fire insurance company. He worked to have Philadelphia’s streets paved and lit at night. He raised money to help build the first hospital in Philadelphia. He organized a militia (volunteer army) to protect Philadelphia and the frontier settlements.
30. Franklin as a Scientist Franklin is best known for his experiments with electricity. It is believed that he proved that lightning is a form of electricity when he tied a metal key to a string on his childhood kite and flew it during a thunderstorm. Using what he learned from his experiments, he invented a lightning rod. A straight, thin bar of metal attached to the top of a house or barn. It conducts, or guides, lightning to the ground. Keeps building from being damaged if it is struck. Before this, any building struck by lightning was likely to burst into flames.
31. Franklin’s Interest in Education Included the education of others. Helped to establish the first library in the colonies which people could subscribe to. Colonists could borrow books after paying a small fee to become a member of the library. As a result, people seeking knowledge did not have to pay much money. Franklin’s opinions on education were used too. A school called the Philadelphia Academy was founded.
32. Franklin as a Printer Helped make Philadelphia a major publishing center in the English colonies. 1729- started printing a newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette. 1732– began publishing Poor Richard’s Almanack. A book issued only once each year. Had a calendar and a yearly weather forecast, which helped farmers know the best time to plant crops. Also had stories, jokes and witty sayings, such as “Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”
33. Section 3: Moving West Settlers from Pennsylvania, especially the Germans and the Scotch-Irish, were among the first to settler farther inland, away from the Atlantic coast. There, they claimed what they saw as open land, even though American Indians lived there. They hoped to make a piece of the frontier into a farm, where they could build a house and raise a family. They felt that moving to the frontier would give them a chance at a better life.
34. The Great Wagon Road
35. The Great Wagon Road In the early 1700s, most cities, farms, towns and plantations in the 13 English colonies were located near the coast, in the Coastal Plain region. At that time, few colonists had settled in the Piedmont (land between the Coastal Plain and the Appalachian Mountains). Settlers called this frontier region the backcountry because it was beyond, or “in back of” the area settled by the Europeans.
36. The Great Wagon Road The waterfalls in the rivers along the Fall line and the lack of roads made travel to the backcountry difficult. To get around the waterfalls, setters had to portage (or carry overland) their boats and supplies. Was so difficult that it discouraged many settlers from moving inland. By the mid 1700s, many settlers began to settle in areas west of the Coastal Plain. From Pennsylvania, large numbers of German and Scotch-Irish immigrants had begun moving into the backcountry of West Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. To get there, the settlers followed an old Indian trail. As more settlers used the trail, it became wider and wider. Finally, wagons could travel on it and it became known as the Great Wagon Road.
37. Shenandoah Valley From Pennsylvania, the Great Wagon Road passed through the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and along the eastern side of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The land there was hilly, and travel was difficult. It was the only way to get wagons loaded with household goods to the backcountry. Thousands of people followed the Great Wagon Road to move inland from Pennsylvania. Among them was a young man named Daniel Boone. At 16, his family followed the Great Wagon Road to settle in the Yadkin Valley in North Carolina. The voyage took more than a year.
38. Life In The Backcountry Most of the people who settled here lived simply. Their homes were log huts with chimneys made of sticks and mud. Most homes only had one room, a dirt floor and no windows. Light came through the open door in the daytime and from the fireplace at night. They burned wood in the fireplace to cook their food and to keep warm. At night, the adults would spread the blankets over piles of dry leaves on the floor. The children would sleep in the loft A part of the house between the ceiling and the roof. They would climb up a ladder to get up to the loft.
39. Life A settler named Oliver Johnson remembered sleeping in a loft when he was a child… “If you slept in the loft, you pulled your head under the covers during a storm. When you got up in the morning, you would shake the snow off the covers, grab your shirt and pants and hop down the ladder to the fireplace, where it was good and warm.”
40. Life People worked hard to get food. Hunting in the forests Farming in the clearings. They farmed in the Indian way. Planted corn, beans and squash all in the same mound of soil. The cornstalks provided a stake for the beans to climb. The squash vines spread out on the ground between the mounds.
41. Life Frontier families made almost everything they needed. They churned their own butter.
42. Life They dyed their own cloth
43. Life They made their own soap and candles.