1. Asynchronous Processor Design for ELEC 6200 by Wei Jiang Jiang: Async. Processor

2. Why Asynchronous Design • Higher Performance • No global clock • proceed data at appropriate rate of environment • Do not propagate local delay globally • Better Power Efficiency • Only activating functional units consume power • Inactivated parts remain in “stand-by” state • No wasteful power dissipation by glitches • Smaller Chip Size • Less high-frequency EMI components due to small amplitude and wide current peaks Jiang: Async. Processor

3. Sync vs. Async Pipeline • Asynchronous Pipeline: • No global clock • No delay for clock transition Jiang: Async. Processor

4. Dynamic Voltage Control • Power supply is controlled by measuring the occupancy of input FIFO • As FIFO fills the supply voltage will increase and the processor will operate faster to empty the FIFO Jiang: Async. Processor

5. Asynchronous Circuit Design • Level-sensitive/Four-phase signaling protocol • simpler design • Transition-sensitive/two-phase protocol: • no “nonactive” state • fewer transitions • higher performance • lower power dissipation Jiang: Async. Processor

6. Asynchronous Interface • Two-phase Pipeline handshake protocol • Sender to ensure that all bits of the data bundle are valid prior to sending the Request event (local delay management); • Receiver to accept the data bundle prior to sending its Acknowledge which will permit the Sender to remove the old data and place a new value on the data lines Jiang: Async. Processor

7. Event Driven Pipeline • Components must respond to input transitions (events) rather than logic levels • Muller C-gate: outputs a transition only when all inputs have experienced transitions changing their input levels • Storage elements must respond identically to rising or falling transitions Jiang: Async. Processor

8. Asynchronous Storage • Capture-Pass latch • Event on Capture line causes latch to hold input data • Capture-done event indicates completion of capture operation • Event on Pass line cause latch to return transparent state • Pass-done event indicates completion of pass operation • Interconnect Capture-Pass latches using Muller C-gates to form Pipeline Jiang: Async. Processor

9. Prevention of Hazards • Data Hazards • An instruction depends on the results of a previous instruction still in the pipeline • Prevented by Register Locking mechanism:stall the instruction until write-back of register takes place • Pipeline must support multiple asynchronous read/write operations • Control Hazards • The instructions after branch instruction are loaded into pipeline but may not be executed • Prevented by Delayed Branch mechanism:the next instructions is always executed Jiang: Async. Processor

10. Example: AMULET1 Jiang: Async. Processor

11. Example: Asynchronous DLX Jiang: Async. Processor

12. Conclusion • Asynchronous design is competitive with the best synchronous design in power efficiency and is close in performance and silicon area • References • SCALP: A Superscalar Asynchronous Low-Power Processor, Philip Brian Endecott, Ph.D thesis of University of Manchester, UK, 1996 • AMULET1: An Asynchronous ARM Microprocessor, J. V. Woods et al, IEEE Trans. on Computers, Vol.46.4, p.385-398, Apr 1997 • Automating the Design of an Asynchronous DLX Microprocessor, Manish Amde et al, DAC’03, p.502-507, June 2003 Jiang: Async. Processor