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Urbanization—

Explore the impact of urbanization on social reforms during the 19th century, including advancements in medicine, labor unions, and improvements in standard of living.

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Urbanization—

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  1. Urbanization— p. 203

  2. Urbanization • For most of human history, there were only a dozen cities. • Most people lived in towns and villages. • As Britons and Europeans were pushed off farmlands by technology, they migrated to • Towns • Colonies abroad • Swollen towns became new cities. • New health and social issues developed. • Slowly, an improved standard of living developed.

  3. Germ theory: • The invention and use of the microscope allowed science to realize the existence of microbes. • The idea developed that many diseases and infection were caused by these microscopic life forms.

  4. Louis Pasteur: • French chemist who studied microbes and disease. • He connected them to each other. • He made discoveries about rabies and anthrax. • He also developed “pasteurization” (a heating process that kills microbes) for milk.

  5. Robert Koch: • German doctor who identified the tuberculosis bacterium. • A cure for TB would take a few generations, but it was found.

  6. Florence Nightingale: • A British nurse, who developed ways to make hospitals cleaner and safer. • Using techniques she developed in the Crimean War, 1854, she made sure that all objects in the hospital were clean (sterile). • utensils, • sheets, • clothes, • beds, • Doctors, nurses • Patients • She opened Britain’s first nursing school.

  7. Joseph Lister: • British (English) surgeon, researched how antiseptics prevented infection. • Developed rules for surgeons to sterilize their instruments and hands before operating.

  8. Urban renewal: • Leaders in Western cities promoted demolition of slums and old sections • replaced them with • wide boulevards, • squares, • office buildings, • department stores, • government offices, • theaters. • Restaurants

  9. Urban renewal: • Many people were moved from their homes to make room • many were hired to do the work, • They had money to find new homes in the city. • The wealthy moved to quiet, bucolic suburbs • Mass transit took the rich into town to work…..

  10. EC: Cities attracted people because: (5) • Action and excitement • Markets with new, interesting things • Different cultures • Sports • Entertainment

  11. Mutual-aid society: • an early form of labor union. • Workers created them when labor unions were illegal. • Sick and injured workers were given assistance from the fellow members.

  12. Labor Reform • EC: Reforms made possible by labor unions and progressive law-making: (9) • Better wages (minimum wage) • Job safety • Job security • Benefits (health, dental, optical) • Outlaw child labor • Banning employment of women in mines • Eight-hour workday • Old-age pensions • Disability insurance

  13. Unions were not perfect: (6) • Most unions did not include women • Women paid half wages of men • Unskilled workers had no union protection • Unskilled earned less than skilled • Farm workers had no union protection • Immigrants were often excluded or even attacked by union members.

  14. Standard of living: • the measurement of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

  15. Industrial Standard of Living • Signs of improvement: • Better, cleaner homes and public places • Sanitation • hygiene: bathing, hot water, pasteurization, antiseptic, • Better, diverse diets • Columbian Exchange (1500 to 1900):

  16. Better, diverse dietsColumbian Exchange (1500 to 1900): • European powers explored the world and colonized many places. • Food from these colonies changed Europe’s diet and health. • Some problems also emerged from the communication

  17. End hwk • Begin class work

  18. EC: Other changes or innovations in cities: (12) • Paved streets • Gas lamps (later: electric lamps) • Police forces • Fire departments • Sewage systems • Street sanitation • Skyscrapers • Multi-story apartment buildings • Public parks • Public zoos • Public museums • Public schools

  19. Biography, p. 204 • How did Nightingale achieve reforms in British army hospitals? • By insisting military and medical staff clean barracks, dig latrines, do laundry, get wounded into clean beds.

  20. Standards Check, p. 204 • What factors cause population rates to soar between 1800 and 1900? • Better diets, hygiene, medicine and sanitation.

  21. EC: Slums continued to exist: • The lower lower-class suffered the worst conditions….. (6) • lived in the older, rundown city center • overcrowded, • filthy, • crime-ridden • Alcoholism • Filled with immigrants as upper lower class moved out.

  22. EC: Upper lower-class (6) • The upper lower-class had more opportunities • could afford the occasional escape: • Day trips, outings (by rail, car) • Move family to better neighborhoods • Better clothing • Newspapers • Music hall • baseball

  23. Cause and Effect, p. 206 • Social effects: • Expansion of the middle class • Public education • Reform movements • Pollution • Medical care • urbanization • Economic effects: • Growth of labor unions • Rise of big business • Factories • New methods of production • New products • World trade

  24. Review: Other changes or innovations in cities: • Paved streets • Gas lamps (later: electric lamps) • Police forces • Fire departments • Sewage systems • Street sanitation • Skyscrapers • Multi-story apartment buildings • Public parks • Public zoos • Public museums • Public schools

  25. EC: What were three general social improvements in the industrial standard of living? (5) • Better, cleaner homes and public places • Better, diverse diets • Better, diverse, affordable clothing • Better medicine and health care • Mass transportation

  26. Standards Check, p. 206 • More jobs • Urban renewal • Sanitation • Entertainment • Slum conditions • Higher crime rates

  27. Image, p. 207 • What does the clothing of the people in the poster suggest about their social rank? • They were middle class people who could afford nice clothes and leisure activities. • EC: what items show their middle class standard of living? • Top hats • Frilly hats • Sailor suits for boys • Stylish suits for men • Stylish dresses for ladies • Leather gloves • Extra time to go to the cinema

  28. Standards Check, p. 207 • How did workers try to improve their living and working conditions • Through protest and pressure on the government.

  29. p. 209: Thinking Critically—Electricity's impact: • Questions • 1 Which country had the fewest number of electric generation stations by 1913? Largest? Why was there such a big difference between the two? • Russia • The United States • Russia was far behind, US was steadily expanding. • 2 How did electricity change daily life? • Home lighting and heating • Eased housework, women had more free time. • Increased transportation and communication • Increased business productivity

  30. Quick Write • How did medical advances lead to the growing world population?

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