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From Revolution to Innovation: The 19th Century World in Context

Explore the transformative period of the 19th century through political upheavals, industrialization, cultural shifts, and groundbreaking inventions that redefined the era. From revolutions to industrial progress, discover the impactful events and societal changes that shaped the world during this dynamic century.

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From Revolution to Innovation: The 19th Century World in Context

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  1. The Age of PetipaPart 2: The 19th Century World

  2. Art in context • All art is an expressive form of communication. • The artist is inevitably influenced by his/her surroundings and life experiences. • Having context for a work or style of works can provide greater understanding of and appreciation for that work.

  3. A changing world… • From 1800- 1900 (Petipa lived 1818- 1910) • Political, economic and social structures were changing dramatically: • Around the world revolutions changed the faces of government • European imperialism began to lose it’s stronghold • Industrialization led to urbanization and the rise of a middle class

  4. Western World 1815

  5. Imperialism in Asia (1840)

  6. Imperialism in South Africa (1815)

  7. The end of serfdom

  8. Beginning of industrialization…

  9. Terrible working conditions:OvercrowdedLong hours, including Saturday and SundayChildren worked in factoriesDangerous and unsanitary conditionsLow wages

  10. Industrialization leads to changes in social order • Growth of cities • Rise of a middle class • Unions to protect workers rights • Child labor laws • Middle class turns to arts to : • Escape from day to day routine • Experience lifestyle of the upper class

  11. Europe 1815-1848

  12. Revolutionary conditions • The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era (1789-1815) was ended by an anti-Napoleonic coalition of Dynastic states who authorized the restoration of "legitimate" rulers who had been displaced from their thrones and also authorized a suppression of liberalism, constitutionalism, and nationalism in order to ensure the continued political authority of dynastic government.

  13. Habsburg Empire

  14. Conditions aggravated by: • Poor economic conditions • Bad grain harvests • Blight, particularly in potatoes • Rise in food prices • Rise in unemployment • Moving to cities or other countries in search of opportunities

  15. Revolutions of 1848 • French Revolution • “Italian” Revolution • Völkerfrühling(Springtime of Peoples)Revolution in the German lands

  16. Rue Saint-Maur-Popincourt 25 June, 1848

  17. 19th Century United States:Industrialization and Innovation • 1808- Congress prohibits the African slave trade. • 1814- Francis Cabot Lowell opens the first U.S. factory able to convert raw cotton into cloth using power machinery. • 1814- Lawyer Francis Scott Key, detained on a British warship, writes "The Star-Spangled Banner” • 1821- Emma Hart Willard opens the Troy Female Seminary, the first institution in the United States to offer a high school education for girls.

  18. 1807- Robert Fulton sails his steamship the Clermont on the Hudson River, inaugurating a new era of steam-powered transportation.

  19. 1823- Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe declares the Western Hemisphere is closed to further European colonization and threatens to use force to stop European interventions in the Americas. • 1827-Samuel E. Cornish and John B. Russwurm publish the first African American newspapers, Freedom’s Journal. • 1834- The first coeducational college in the United States, Oberlin, opens, with a class of 29 men and 15 women. In 1835, Oberlin became the first college to admit African Americans. • 1844-Samuel F.B. Morse sends the first message by telegraph

  20. 1848- Alexander T. Stewart opens the first department store on Broadway in New York.

  21. 1857- Elisha Otis installs the first passenger elevator in a New York department store.

  22. 1848- New York State grants married women the right to own property apart from their husbands. • 1861-1865 Civil War • 1863- President Lincoln declares last Thursday of November Thanksgiving Day. • 1865- The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution abolishes slavery. • 1867- "Seward's Icebox." Russia sells Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million, or less than 2 cents an acre. • 1869- Transcontinental railroad is completed.

  23. 1876- 29-year-old Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.

  24. 1877- 30-year-old Thomas Edison invents the phonograph.

  25. 1879- Thomas Edison invents the light bulb.

  26. 1886- President Grover Cleveland unveils the Statue of Liberty. • 1891-James Naismith, a p.e. instructor at the YMCA Training College in Springfield, Mass., invents basketball. • 1899- The Literary Digest writes: "The ordinary horseless carriage is at present a luxury for the wealthy; and although its price will fall in the future, it will never, of course, come into as common use as the bicycle."

  27. US Presidents during Petipa’s lifetime • 6. John Quincy Adams18. Ulysses S. Grant • 7. Andrew Jackson19. Rutherford B. Hayes • 8. Martin Van Buren20. James Garfield • 9. William Henry Harrison21. Chester A. Arthur • 10. John Tyler22. Grover Cleveland • 11. James K. Polk23. Benjamin Harrison • 12. Zachary Taylor24. Grover Cleveland • 13. Millard Fillmore25. William McKinley • 14. Franklin Pierce26. Theodore Roosevelt • 15. James Buchanan • 16. Abraham Lincoln • 17. Andrew Johnson

  28. Cool inventions of 19th century • Gas lighting tin can • Raincoat plastic • Toy balloon washing machine • Matches traffic lights • Typewriter moving pictures • Sewing machine perforated toilet paper • Wrench Coca-cola • Bicycle contact lenses • Stapler roller coaster • Anesthesia (for tooth extraction) zipper

  29. Changes in social and political structures are reflected in arts. • New inventions impact developments in arts.

  30. Visual artists of 19th century • Delacroix • Goya • Renoir • Degas • Toulouse-Lautrec • Monet • Seurat • Rousseau • 1870s First Impressionist Art Exhibit

  31. Giselle at Paris Opera

  32. Rodin’s The Kiss

  33. Music and musicians • Romanticism is emphasized in compositions • Turn of century, Beethoven begins trend of larger scale works for larger audiences • Compositions for larger orchestra, more opportunities for professional musicians • Famous composers include: • Tchaikovsky --Brahms --Debussy • Berlioz --Delibes --Grieg • Chopin --Wagner --Ravel

  34. Authors and literature • Famous authors include: • Byron, Shelley, Keats, Whitman, Marx, Nietzsche, Dostoevsky, Zola, Alexander Dumas (pere & fils), Oscar Wilde, • 1813 Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice • 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin. (When Stowe met President Lincoln, he reportedly asked her: "Is this the little woman whose book made such a great war?”) • 1864- Lewis Carroll Alice in Wonderland • 1894- Kipling The Jungle Book

  35. Theaters and playwrights • Covent Garden Opera House (rebuilt twice) • Paris Opera House • Mariinsky theatre renovated • Goethe’s Faust (premieres 1828) • Ibsen

  36. Mariinsky Theatre (1800’s)

  37. Paris Opera

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