Arms and Disarmament

1. Arms and Disarmament

2. The conventional logic underpinning normal practices of states – and of non-state forces resorting to use of force to achieve political aims • Peace is not always good, war is not always bad • “Just war” and “unjust peace” • Weapons are neutral, what matters is who uses them and for what purpose • You can’t obtain and secure peace and justice without resort to violence as the final argument • Use of force in politics will always be with us • The best we can do is limit it

4. The antimilitarist position: The destructiveness of modern warfare • Weapons of mass destruction • In wars, most casualties are now civilian Use of force – both by states and by non-state forces - is often politically counterproductive • If we address root causes of conflict and work for just solutions by political means, weapons may not have to be used • Peace works - if it is based on justice

5. To make the world more peaceful, it is necessary to change the existing social conditions which breed conflict and violence • How to change it? A spectrum of proposed solutions: • Facilitate replacement of authoritarian regimes by democracies • Promote social and economic development to eliminate poverty and suffering • Strive for equality and social justice • Replace capitalism with some form of socialism

6. While recognizing the need to address the root causes of conflict, antimilitarism focuses on the means of political struggle • Arms buildups themselves make war more likely • The incidence of warfare can be reduced if states cut their armaments to a minimum

7. The idea of disarmament • Traditional: compelling a defeated state to disarm • In the 20th century: a new international practice - mutual arms control and disarmament by international treaties • Natural reaction to the Era of Global Conflict, which threatens the very existence of humanity • Limit the scale of wars • Respond to public antiwar sentiment • Opposition to arms buildups dates back to late 19th century

8. Lord Welby, British Secretary of the Treasury, March 1914: • “We are in the hands of an organization of crooks. They are politicians, generals, manufacturers of armaments and journalists. All of them are anxious for unlimited expenditure, and go on inventing scares to terrify the public.” • Sir Edward Grey, British Foreign Secretary: • “Great armaments lead inevitably to war.” • Quotes from David Cortright. Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p.98

9. After WWI • Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 8: • “The maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety.” • 1922: the Five Power Naval Limitation Treaty, extended and Conferences of 1922 and 1930 • A historic precedent was set • World Disarmament Conference of 1932 – no success, buildup of international tensions, new wars

11. After WWII • Demobilization everywhere; strong desire for peace • Creation of the United Nations Organization • The Cold War generated a new arms race

12. 1945: Start of the Nuclear Age

13. Hiroshima, Aug. 6, 1945

15. Robert Oppenheimer, father of the atomic bomb

17. Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov

18. Young Andrei Sakharov played a key role in the Soviet nuclear weapons program

19. Polish-born Joseph Rotblat, a Holocaust refugee, worked in the Manhattan Project until he found out that the bomb was needed against the Soviets, not the Germans. He quit in protest.

20. Nuclear weapons stockpiles

23. 1960: The biggest nuclear bomb ever built: “Tsar-bomba”, “Big Ivan”, “Kooz’ka’s Mother” (from old Russian proverb, much liked by Khrushchev: “We’ll show you Kooz’ka’s mother!”

25. October 1961: The world’s biggest H-bomb tested at Novaya Zemlya Island, the Arctic, explosive power – 57 mt

27. Gen. Curtis B. LeMay, Chief of the Strategic Air Command, advocated all-out nuclear war to destroy Soviet Union and Red China

28. Late 1950s: birth of the international movement for nuclear disarmament • First diplomatic moves toward arms limitation • 1961: US and Russian diplomats design a joint proposal for general and complete disarmament • 1961: The Antarctic Treaty is signed banning the use of Antarctica for military purposes. See the full text: • http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/antarctic/trty_antarctic_1961-06-23.htm

29. 1962: The Cuban Missile Crisis jolts 3 nuclear weapons states into joint measures to reduce the nuclear threat • 1963: The first arms control treaty signed in Moscow. The Partial Test Ban Treaty banning nuclear tests on the ground, in atmosphere and in outer space. Underground tests remain legal. See the full text: http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/partial-test-ban/trty_partial-test-ban_1963-10-10.htm

30. 1967: The Outer Space Treaty limits the use of outer space for military purposes - http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/weapons-in-space/trty_weapons-in-space_1967-10-10.htm • 1970: The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. States without nuclear weapons agree not to acquire them – in exchange for the commitment of nuclear-armed states to move towards full nuclear disarmament – http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/non-proliferation-treaty/index.htm • 1972: The Seabed Treaty prohibiting the emplacement of weapons of mass destruction on the seabed - http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/seabed/trty_seabed_1972-05-18.htm

31. 1972: US and USSR sign SALT-I agreements (the ABM Treaty and the Interim Agreement on Strategic Offensive Weapons). Ban on ballistic missile defenses and limitation of offensive nuclear arsenals – http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/abmt/text/abm2.htm • http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/usa-ussr/trty_us-ussr_interim-agreement-icbms_1972-05-26.htm

32. 1979: US and USSR sign the SALT-II Treaty to strengthen and finalize the provisions of SALT-I. But the US Senate refuses to ratify the document. http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/salt2/index.html

33. 1987: US and USSR sign the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty banning all all nuclear-armed ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers (about 300 to 3400 miles) and their infrastructure. The INF Treaty was the first nuclear arms control agreement to actually reduce nuclear arms, rather than establish ceilings that could not be exceeded. Under its provisions, about 2,700 nuclear weapons were destroyed. http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/inf/index.html

34. 1991: US and USSR sign the Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START-I), which leads to the reduction of the two sides’ strategic arsenals by 30-40%. The Treaty expires in December 2009. http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/start1/index.html

35. 1993: US and Russia sign the second Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START-II), providing for further reductions in strategic offensive arsenals – down to 3000-3500 warheads. The Russian Parliament ratified the Treaty with a condition that the ABM Treaty of 1972 banning ballistic missile defenses must remain in force. In 2002, after President George Bush declared that the US was pulling out of the ABM Treaty in order to clear the way for the deployment of US ballistic missile defense systems, Russia withdrew from START-II. http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/start1/index.html

36. 2002: US and Russia sign the Moscow Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT), which will reduce the numbers of operationally deployed strategic offensive weapons of the two sides to 1700-2200 by the year 2012. The Treaty is currently in force. http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/sort/fs-sort.html

37. April 2009: Presidents Obama and Medvedev declared that the US and Russia will move toward complete elimination of nuclear weapons. Negotiations on a new US-Russian treaty to further reduce their strategic nuclear arms are in progress. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=24254

38. The Nuclear Weapons Archive: http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/

40. http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/444.php?nid=&id=&pnt=444http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/444.php?nid=&id=&pnt=444