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Chapter 25 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

Chapter 25 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution. The Road to World War I. Nationalism Liberals claimed that creation of national states would bring peace Led to competition instead of cooperation

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Chapter 25 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

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  1. Chapter 25 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

  2. The Road to World War I • Nationalism • Liberals claimed that creation of national states would bring peace • Led to competition instead of cooperation • Brinkmanship: push a situation into dangerous terrain in order to gain advantage/achieve goal • Internal dissent • Ethnic tensions • Growing power of Socialist labor movements • Use of war to divert revolutionary tide at home • Militarism • Conscription and growing armaments • Influence of military leaders • Military plans

  3. International Rivalry and the Coming of War • New Alliances • Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887 • Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890 and Wilhelm II’s lapse in the treaty (Biz was all about isolating France) • Military alliance of France and Russia, via Dual Entente in 1894 (b/c Russia felt isolated, too!) • New Directions and New Crises • GB under new conservative government of PM Lord Salisbury ends “splendid isolation” and seeks an ally • GB approaches Germany, but the Germans decline due to naval rivalry and the Boer crisis • GB instead forges alliances with Japan (1902), France (1904) and Russia (1907) • By 1907, Triple Entente of France, GB and Russia solidified, to balance the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (1907)

  4. Crises Over Imperialism • The Moroccan Crisis and Wilhelm II’s weltpolitik and a“Place in the Sun” • “world policy” and German imperial claims that Morocco should be independent from France (bordered German territories) • All major European powers support France’s claim to Morocco, not German – Germany isolated • Agadir Crisis (1911) – France send troops to Morocco to restore order and Germans counter by sending the Panther (naval ship) to Agadir leading to the French surrendering some territory to Germany • Balkans, 1908-1913 • Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 as allowed by Berlin Conference and San Stefano revision • Serbian protest, Russian and Pan-Slavists support of Serbia • Balkan Wars, 1912-1913 • Serbia’s Ambitions: large independent Slavic state • Russian support of Serbia • Austria-Hungary’s determination to limit Serb ambition

  5. The Balkans, 1878

  6. Map 25.1: Europe in 1914

  7. The Road to World War I I’m gonna git you sucka! • The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914 • The effects of the Balkan Wars prior to 1914: Serbian/Slavic frustration • Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophia, June 28, 1914 by 18-yr. old Gavrilo Princip of Black Hand Society, a Serb nationalist group • Germany’s Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg gives “full support” to Austria (“Blank Cheque”) • Forces Russian mobilization • Schlieffen Plan requires march through neutral Belgium to get to France

  8. The Schlieffen Plan aka “oops, we pissed off the Brits!”

  9. The War 1914-1915: Illusions & Stalemate • European attitudes toward the beginning of war and the “war craze” • Failure of the Schlieffen Plan • First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914 • Fast mobilization off British and French troops stop Germans • French General Joseph Joffre • Russian Failures – German victory in the East • Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914 • Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914 • Austrian Failures • Galicia and Serbia – trouble with the Russians • Germans come to Austria’s aid

  10. Battle Scene in Northern France

  11. The War 1916-1917: The Great Slaughter • Trench warfare • “No-man’s land” • “Softening up” the enemy • Battle of Verdun, 70,000 lost (German offensive) • Battle of the Somme, 1916 (Allied offensive) • Heaviest one-day loss in World War I • 300,000 lost • To draw German soldiers from Verdun

  12. Trench Warfare in France

  13. Trench Warfare • Trench Warfare in Color • From The Somme (2005) • Trench Life = Hell… “Live and let live” • Trench Magazines – Wipers Times, B.E.F. Times (British Expeditionary Forces)

  14. Map 25. 2: The Western Front, 1914-1918

  15. Map 25.3: The Eastern Front, 1914-1918

  16. The Widening of the War • Both sides attempt to tip the scales in their favor by gaining new allies • August 1914: Ottoman Empire enters the war for Central Powers • Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915 • ANZAC Troops and “…Waltzing Matilda” • May 1915: Italy enters the war against Austria-Hungary • September 1915: Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the Central Powers • Middle East • Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935) Arab princes vs. Ottoman forces

  17. The Widening of the War • April 1917: Entry of the United States • The United States tried to remain neutral • Naval Conflict between Germany and Britain • Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915 • Return to unrestricted submarine warfare, January 1917 • United States enters the war, April 6, 1917 • Bolshevik Revolution, 1917 • Italian defeat • Failure of Western front offensives • Both sides were exhausted!

  18. A New Kind of Warfare • Air Power • 1915: first use of airplanes on the battle-front • German use of zeppelins • Tanks • 1916: first use of tanks on the battlefield • Early tanks ineffective • 1918: British Mark V first effective tank

  19. War Casualties

  20. The Home Front: The Impact of Total War • Government Centralization • Conscription • Effects on Economies • Public Order and Public Opinion • Dealing with unrest • Strikes • Irish Revolt 4/1916 • Defense of the Realm Act (DORA) • Propaganda • Social Impact of Total War • Labor benefits prestige for trade unions • New roles for women • Male concern over wages • Women began to demand equal pay • Gains for women

  21. The Last Year of the War • Withdrawal of Russia 3/3/1918 (Brest-Litovsk) gives Germany hope • Ludendorff launches last German offensive, March 21-July 18, 1918 • Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918 • General Ludendorff informs German leaders that the war is lost • William II abdicates, November 9, 1918 • German soldiers, workers revolt • Republic established under Ebert • Armistice, November 11, 1918 • The Casualties of the War • 8 to 9 million soldiers killed, 22 million wounded

  22. Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary • Revolution in Germany • Division of German Socialists: moderates and radicals in SPD • Formation of two governments • Weimar Republic • Spartacist Uprising 1919 (Liebknecht and Luxembourg) split communists and radical socialists from SPD • Failure of radicals to achieve control: resistance from left and right continues… • Revolution in Austria • Ethnic upheaval: various groups rallied for independence • Formation of independent republics (Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, enlarged Romania, enlarged Serb state called Yugoslavia)

  23. The Peace Settlement • Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations: “Eternal Peace” • Lenin and the secret treaties • Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points • Pragmatism of other states • Lloyd George determined to make Germany pay • Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security • Concern over the spread of Bolshevism • January 25, 1919, the principle of the League of Nations adopted

  24. The Treaty of Versailles • Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) • The most important was the Treaty of Versailles, June 18, 1919 • Article 231, War Guilt Clause • 100,000 man army limit • Loss of Alsace and Lorraine to France • Sections of Prussia to the new Polish state • German charges of a “dictated peace”

  25. Wilson’s 14 Points • 1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at"). • 2. Free navigation of all seas. • 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries. • 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. • 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial • 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to developher own political set-up. • 7. Belgium should be independent like before the war. • 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine • 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "alongclearly recognizable lines of nationality." • 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary. • 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed forthe Balkan states. • 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks inthe old Turkish Empire should govern themselves. • 13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea. • 14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states.

  26. The Other Peace Treaties • German and Russian Empires lost territory in eastern Europe • New nation-states: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary • Romania acquired additional lands from Russia, Hungary, and Bulgaria • Yugoslavia – multinational powder keg • Compromises will lead to future problems • Minorities in every eastern European state • Ottoman Empire dismembered • Promises of independence of Arab states in the Middle East • Mandates • France – Lebanon and Syria • Britain – Iraq and Palestine • United States Senate rejects the Versailles Peace Treaty

  27. Map 25.5: Europe in 1919

  28. The Middle East in 1919

  29. Timeline

  30. The Russian Revolution • By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel • Count Sergei Witte – Minister of Finance • Development of working class • Development of socialist parties • Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898 • Russo-Japanese War over Korea, 1904-1905 • General strike, October 1905 • Bloody Sunday at the Winter Palace • Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, the Duma • Voting and Land Reforms of Prime Minister Peter Stolypin – help peasants, but keep political power in hands of upper classes • Stolypin’s assassination by left…or right? • Nick II’s Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907 

  31. The Russian Revolution • War and Discontent • Nicholas II was an autocratic ruler and insisted he command military (?) • Russia not prepared for war – not industrialized long enough • Government suspicion of war enthusiasm • Influence of Rasputin and discrediting the Romanovs

  32. The Russian Revolution • The March Revolution (February on Julian calendar) • Problems in St. Petersburg – long work hours, no food! • March of the women, March 8, 1917 • Calls for a general strike • Soldiers join the marchers! • Provisional Government, a coalition of liberals and socialists, takes control 3/12/1917 • Tsar abdicates 3/15/1917 – imperial government collapses • Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)- Mensheviks • Tried to carry on the war • Soviets (workers’ councils) sprang up • Bolsheviks under the leadership of Lenin, 1870-1924 • Sent back to Russia in a sealed train by the Germans! • April Theses: denounced provisional government of moderate socialists and liberals • “Peace, land and bread!” “All power to Soviets!”

  33. Russian Revolution (cont) • The Bolshevik Revolution (October Revolution) • Bolsheviks control Petrograd and Moscow Soviets • Army Order #1: do not obey any military commands that do not agree with Petrograd Soviet’s ideas • Kerensky vs. reactionaries under General Kornilov …Bolsheviks empowered! • Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917 • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 – Russia exits WWI • Civil War • Bolshevik (Red) army and Anti-Bolshevik (White) army • Murder of the Tsar and his family (July 16, 1918) • Disunity among the White army • Role of Trotsky as War Commissar • Communists and “War communism” • Invasion of allied troops • 1921: Communist victory • Timeline summary of the Russian Revolution (20 min)

  34. Map 25.4: The Russian Revolution

  35. Eisenstein Recreates the Events of the Revolution • 1927: 10 year commemoration of Revolution, Sergei Eisenstein releases October: Ten Days that Shook the World • Part 1 • Part 2 (Lenin’s Arrival) • Part 3 • Part 4 (Kornilov) • Part 5 (Lenin says revolt!) • Part 6 (Everyone joins Revolution)…

  36. Discussion Questions • Why were so many Europeans eager for war in 1914? Did Europe’s governments share their enthusiasm? • What was “total war”? How did European governments meet the challenge of total mobilization? • Why were so many people in the United States reluctant to get involved in World War I? Why did Woodrow Wilson see U.S. involvement as a necessity? • Describe the goals of the major participants at the peace talks. How were these goals incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles?

  37. Web Links • World War I: Trenches on the Web • The First World War: A Multimedia History • World War I: Document Archive • The Russian Revolution • The Empire That Was Russia

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