Civil War History: Lincoln's Leadership & Emancipation Impact

1. Do Now • “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow country-men, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not attack you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I have the most solemn one to “preserve, protect, and defend it.” • – Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861. • 1. Who is Lincoln talking to (who are the “dissatisfied fellow country-men”)? • 2. In the quote, what does Lincoln say is his duty? • 3. Do you think Lincoln favors a stronger federal government or more states’ rights? Answer using evidence from the quote.

2. The Civil War 1861-1865

3. The Civil War 1861-1862 • 1861—Lincoln becomes president • Primary goal to preserve the Union • April 15S.C. attacks Fort Sumter • Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to end rebellion • This is the beginning of the Civil War

4. Civil War 1861-1862 • Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus (allows him to arrest traitors without cause) to keep Maryland in the Union • Why can he do this? • “The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” – Article I, Section 9 of US Constitution

5. Civil War 1861-1862 • 11 Southern states form the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy)

6. Civil War 1861-1862 • The South won most of the war’s early battles • They were trying to get foreign help (either Great Britain or France) • The war was unpopular in the North • September 1862 Battle of Antietam • Enables Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

7. Emancipation Proclamation • Frees all slaves in the southern states (places still in rebellion)not all slaves, not any slaves in northern/border states • Abolitionists are unhappy, but the real reason for the proclamation is to give purpose to the war • The war is now also about abolition—ending slavery as the North conquers the South • G.B. and France now will not help the South fight against a nation committed to abolition • The Emancipation Proclamation is an important turning point of the Civil War “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”

8. Excerpt of the Emancipation Proclamation: • "That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, in which the people are in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to stop such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.” • 1. How does Lincoln use the abolition of slavery as a war measure to win the war? • 2. Do you think the war was now more about preserving the Union, or more about ending slavery?

9. Civil War 1863 • Two battles change the course of the war • 1. Vicksburg (Mississippi) • North captures town, entire Miss. R., splits the Confederacy into two • 2. Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) • North stops a 2nd invasion by the South • 50,000 casualties total In November 1863, Lincoln issues the Gettysburg Address --It defines the purpose of the Civil War

11. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

12. Civil War 1864-1865 • The Union promoted Ulysses Grant to the head of the Army – he is willing to accept many casualties to win (100,000s die in the last year of the war) • Grant and Lee (head of Southern army) deadlock in Virginia • Sherman (North) leads Union across the South • Captures Atlanta, which leads to Lincoln’s re-election in 1864 • Sherman destroys Georgia and South Carolina (“March to the Sea”) • Ulysses Grant • William Sherman

13. Civil War 1864-1865 • By April 1865, the Northern Army has worn out the Southern Army • April 9, 1865 the South surrenders to end the war • April 15 Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth • VP Andrew Johnson becomes the new President • Johnson was the only Southern senator to stay loyal to the Union • John Wilkes Booth • Andrew Johnson

14. Impact of the Civil War • 4 million slaves are freed • 600,000 dead • The United States stays together • The federal government establishes its supremacy over the states • Sparks industrialization in the North

15. “All persons born or naturalized in the United States…, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge (limit) the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” • 1. This quote is from which of the previous amendments? • 2. Can you think of any other groups who have benefitted from this amendment in recent U.S. history? • 3. How might this amendment benefit regular citizens?

16. Reconstruction 1865-1877 • What was Reconstruction? • 1865 to 1877 when the United States attempted to rebuild the southern states • Former slaves (freedmen) were given rights that they previously did not have

17. Different Views on Reconstruction • Lincoln & Johnson wanted to reunite the country peacefully and not punish the South • Congress (Radical Republicans) wanted to punish the South

18. Impeachment of Johnson • Congress impeached President Johnson because they disagreed over Reconstruction. • He was acquitted (found not guilty) by one vote in the Senate trial • Andrew Johnson (1868) and Bill Clinton (1998) are the only 2 presidents to be impeached. Neither was removed from office.

19. Reconstruction Amendments • The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were intended to protect the rights of the freed slaves • 13th Amendment (1865) • Abolished slavery • 15th Amendment (1870) • Right to vote for all men regardless of race • 14th Amendment (1868) • Guarantees 3 things: • Citizenship for former slaves (overturns Dred Scott case) • Due process for all citizens • Equal protection of the law

20. Do Now • 1. What were the major goals of Reconstruction? • 2. What were the different views on Reconstruction? • 3. How was Andrew Johnson’s impeachment related to the different views on Reconstruction?

21. Lasts from 1868-1877 Congress controls the direction of Reconstruction Reconstruction Act of 1867 Military rule in the south Protects Freedmen’s rights States had to ratify the 14th amendment to rejoin the Union Freedmen voted mainly for the Republican Party (Party of Lincoln) Radical Reconstruction

22. Carpetbaggers(northerners who came South to benefit from Reconstruction) and Scalawags(southerners who aided the Republicans) were hated by most white Southerners Attempts to Limit Reconstruction

23. Sharecropping • Many freedmen became sharecroppers • Sharecropping farmers rented land in exchange for a % of their crop • Many freedmen were forced into permanent poverty since they could not pay off their debts

24. The Black Codeswere passed by all the southern states They often limited what jobs freedmen could do, and they limited the rights of freedmen These would eventually lead to the Jim Crow (segregation) laws passed in the South The Ku Klux Klan was formed to intimidate blacks in the South Their main goal was to limit voting by blacks, who supported the Republican Party Attempts to Limit Reconstruction

25. By the mid-1870s, the country was tired of Reconstruction White supremacists eventually took over all the Southern states The main issue of the 1876 election was Reconstruction—should it continue or end? Several states had a disputed electoral vote count The Democrats and Republicans compromised to decide the election The Compromise of 1877 Hayes (Republican) became president, and he supported the end of Reconstruction End of Reconstruction

26. Results of Reconstruction • Do you think that the United States succeeded in accomplishing its goals during Reconstruction? Why or why not? • Address all goals of Reconstruction: • 1. Reunite the country • 2. Rebuild the Southern economy • 3. Protect the rights of African-Americans

27. Jim Crow Laws • The southern states were taken over by white Democrats by the end of Reconstruction • They began to create a system of Segregation • Policy of separate facilities for whites and blacks • Separate schools, railroad cars, bathrooms, restaurants, etc

28. Jim Crow Laws • The southern states established several ways to exclude African-Americans from voting • Grandfather Clause • Excluded from voting if your grandfather could not vote in 1867 • Poll Tax • a tax in order to vote • Was usually a few dollars, but was often more than African-Americans could afford • Literacy Test • This often disqualified African-Americans from voting because many were illiterate

29. Impact of Segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • The Supreme Court rules that “separate but equal” segregation is legal • Separate facilities for whites and blacks • Impact of Segregation • “Solid South” – Democratic party ruled until 1960s • Most African-Americans could not vote until 1960s • Legalized discrimination in the South for nearly 100 years