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Medieval Europe at its Height

Medieval Europe at its Height. Ch 13. The Set Up. Early Middle Ages life: decentralized government warfare, inefficient trade/agric. production cultural isolation famine, horrendous living conditions From 1100s on: some central governments larger crop yields/population growth

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Medieval Europe at its Height

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  1. Medieval Europe at its Height Ch 13

  2. The Set Up • Early Middle Ages life: • decentralized government • warfare, inefficient trade/agric. production • cultural isolation • famine, horrendous living conditions • From 1100s on: • some central governments • larger crop yields/population growth • towns, trade, power of Church • High Middle Ages, 1050-1270: • transformation began with holy wars over Jerusalem

  3. The Crusades • Crusades-series of military expeditions (9) to take back Holy Land from Muslims • Holy Land fell to Muslims around 600s • Crusaders vowed to “take up the cross” • Jerusalem holy for 3 religions: • for Jews it was Zion (God’s city) • for Christians it was where Jesus was crucified and resurrected • for Muslims it’s next holy to Makkah/Madinah

  4. The Crusades • Late 1000s, Seljuk Turks (Muslims from central Asia) conquered Palestine • chaos ensued, pilgrimages because dangerous • Byz. Emperor requested military aid from pope in 1095 for protection of pilgrims • Pope Urban II asked people of Clermont, Fr join volunteer army to take Holy Land back • knights and peasants jumped at opportunity • red crosses stitched on clothing--service to God • volunteers: free from feudal bonds and promised immediate salvation if died freeing Holy Land • opportunity for adventure, wealth, use fighting skills outside of tournaments, protect/defend religion

  5. The Crusades

  6. The First Crusade • 1st Crusade started in 1096 • increased hatred of non-Christians • began long period of Jewish persecution • 3 armies of knights/volunteers came from W. Europe to E.Medit,massacred Jews along way • 1097 reach Constantinople, 1099 reach Jerus. • 2 month long siege, Jerusalem falls, crusaders massacre most Muslim/Jewish inhabitants

  7. The First Crusade • Church’s authority and self-confidence of W. Europeans strengthened by success • Many crusaders went home, some stayed and created feudal states in Syria/Palestine • Such contact continued for about 100 years and was huge factor in ending W. Europe’s cultural isolation

  8. The Second Crusade • 1147-1149, Pope Eugenius IV called for 2nd Crusade to regain Crusader state territory conquered by Seljuks • Bernard of Clairvaux (a monk) persuaded King Louis VII and HRE Conrad II to lead the forces to Palestine • Ended up being unsuccessful, Louis and Conrad did not get along, militarily ineffective, defeated by Seljuks

  9. Pope Eugenius IV Bernard of Clairvaux

  10. The Third Crusade • Saladin united Muslims, took Jerus. in 1187 • HRE Barbarossa, King Philip Augustus, King Richard I put force together for “Crusadeof Kings,” 1189-1192, just as much a defeat as 2nd one • Richard couldn’t win a decisive battle, signed truceJ. still in Muslim hands but Xn pilgrims allowed access

  11. The Other Crusades • More Crusades in 1200s, none resulted in permanent Christian control of Holy Land • religious goal of Crusades all but forgotten, not for political and economic gains • 4th Crusade 1204, attacked Constantinople • looted, burned, stole, destroyed • added to less than friendly East-West feelings • further weakened Byz. Empire

  12. Effects of the Crusades • Sped up western changes • helped break down feudalism • increased authority of kings • European view of world broadened by increased contact with Byz. and Muslims • Increased desire for Eastern luxuries such as spices, sugar, melons, silk

  13. Effects of the Crusades • Religious knights helped pilgrims, acted as bankers for merchants and princes • Muslim effect on W. Europe: • learned how to build better ships • refined art of mapmaking • magnetic compasses for directions • improved weaponry • Effect of W. Europeans on Muslims • helped united Muslims against common enemy

  14. "Ring around the rosie,A pocketful of posie,Ashes, Ashes,All fall down"

  15. The Black Death (Bubonic Plague) • Worst Medieval epidemic • between 1348-1350, almost 25 million Europeans died (about 1/3 of the population) • cause unknown at time • Originated in China: • spread by rats carrying bacteria infected fleas along trade routes • Spread so quickly, death came so fast, many victims couldn’t confess and receive last rites • Pope Clement VI forced to grant remission of sins to all who died of the Black Death

  16. The Black Death • Symptoms: • painful swellings (buboes) of lymph nodes • tips of fingers/toes/nose often turned black • high fever, vomiting, delirium,bleeding in lungs • blood that exuded was black, thick and vile smelling with a greenish scum mixed in it • only survived 2-4 days after contraction • Treatments: • lance buboes, apply warm poultice of butter, onion, and garlic • others included arsenic, lily root, dried toad

  17. The Black Death • Changes brought by plague: • production declined • prices/wages rose • sheep raising replaced farming--boom for wool industry • peasant and worker uprisings (saw their labor as more valuable) • decline in Church power/influence--plague seen as punishment from God • church could offer no reason for plague, beliefs tested • this had such a devastating effect that people started questioning religion, such doubts eventually lead to Eng. refor.

  18. Strengthening the Monarchy • Monarchs starting building stronger central governments • Limited the power of clergy and nobles, won loyalty of people • Educated common people: laymen could become royal advisors • First though, violent warfare had to settle some matters

  19. The 100 Years’ War • 1337-1453, England vs France • England fighting to keep French lands acquired from Normans, France fighting to get lands back • 1337, war starts when Edward III claims French crown

  20. The 100 Years’ War • First battles are a win for England • Crecy 1346 and Agincourt 1415, forerunner to cannon and long bow to thank for victory • longbow-tall as a man, shoot arrows that could pierce armor from 300 yards

  21. The 100 Years’ War • France appears to behopeless, Joan of Arcturns the tide • 1429, 17 yrs old, told King Charles VIIheavenly voices called on her to save France • Led French army tovictory at Orleans

  22. The 100 Years’ War • Joan captured by Burgundians, sold to English, put on trial for witchcraft, burned at the stake • Her martyrdom rallied French, continued to be victorious • By 1453, only Calais remained under English control

  23. Effects of the 100 Years’ War • France suffered more physically since fighting was in France • Overall victory gave French people sense of unity, English defeat made nobles bitter • For duration of 1400s, England socially divided, but allowed it to focus on domestic issues • Further decline of feudalism • People paid taxes in return for security (from national army) and good government

  24. France • Late 1400s, Louis XI (son of Charles VII) strengthened bureaucracy, promoted trade and agriculture, ensurednobles under royal control • Worked to unite allFrench lands, especiallyBurgundy-ruled by Charles the Bold, wanted to remain independent

  25. France • Instead of fighting, instigated issues b/w Burgundy and Swiss • Charles died in battle, Burgundy divided b/w French king and Charles’ daughter

  26. England • Parliament limited monarchy’s power during 100 Years’ War • collected taxes, approved laws, provided advice • Royal authority weakening with nobles fighting for control of throne • 1455, conflicts erupts into War of the Roses

  27. The War of the Roses • Edward Duke of York-->King Edward IV after overthrowing Lancaster dynasty • Edward tried strengtheninggovernment and promotedtrade • 1483 death broughtnew uncertainty to England

  28. The War of the Roses • Edward’s two sons were heirs, brother Richard locked them in Tower, proclaimed himself king • Richard III, lacked widespread support

  29. The War of the Roses • Henry Tudor, Lancaster noble, defeated Richard III on Bosworth Field, 1485 • Became 1st Tudor king • Eliminated claimantsto throne, avoided expensive foreign wars, increasedroyal power over nobles • Monarchy strengthened after war with few challengers

  30. Spain • Pre-Crusades already fighting to take back Spanish lands from Muslims (Reconquista) • 1250, Iberian Peninsula 3 Christian realms: • Portugal (west), Castile (center), Aragon (Mediterranean coast), Granada (south) under control of Moors • 1469, marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile • kingdoms kept separate governments • royal power limited by local interests

  31. Spain • Jewish/Muslim communities had own laws and officials • Royal charters allowed many towns to keep courts and local customs • Assemblies (cortes) led by powerful nobles had right to review royal policies • Ferdinand and Isabella worked to strengthen royal government--set up countryside courts to enforce royal laws, sent officials to govern towns • 1492, armies defeated last Moor stronghold at Granada

  32. Spain • Next step was uniting Spain, started with ending religious toleration • Jews and Muslims were ordered to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain • persecution eventually weakened Spain • Spanish Inquisition set up to enforce Catholicism • believed even if Jews/Muslims had converted they could still practice old religion in private • tried, tortured, punished those suspected of heresy • fear of SI strengthened hold of monarchy over people

  33. The Holy Roman Empire • Largest political unit: Italian, German, Slavic territories, but not unified under a strong monarch • HRE elected by diet (assembly of German princes who governed local territories), did not come to power through inheritance • diet could reject or accept emperor’s request for taxes/soldiers • 1356, diet limited to 7, started choosing politically weak noble as HRE

  34. The Holy Roman Empire • 1400s, diet starts choosing emperors from Hapsburg family (Austrian nobles) • couldn’t control princes but expanded territory • Maximilian I, one of most ambitious Hapsburgs, 1493 • married Mary of Burgundy • acquired low countries (Belg, Neth, Lux) • Grandson became king of Spain/HRE, Charles V • made Hapsburgs most powerful European royal family

  35. Eastern Europe • Poland: founded by W. Slavs 900s, Catholic • 1000s,fight Teutonic Knights for BalticSea area • 1300s, golden age under King Casimir III: reduced power of local nobles,strengthened central govt • 1386, Queen Jadwiga married Wladyslaw Jagiello, duke of Lithuania, union created one of largest Euro. States • Combined strength finally defeated Teutonic Knights at Battle of Tannenburg 1410

  36. Eastern Europe • Hungary: Magyars, Germans, Slavs • 1000, King Stephen I started a strong monarchy, converted to Catholicism, introduced W. Euro customs • 1241, Mongols invaded, widespread destruction, empire able to rebuild • 1400s-1500s, periodic attacks from Ottomans • 1526, King Louis II defeated by Ottomans at Battle of Mohacs--most of Hungary ruled by Ottomans, rest by Hapsburgs

  37. The Church in Trouble • People turning to Church even more after wars, plague, religious controversy, lookfor comfort/reassurance • Ceremonies and pilgrimages (journey to religious place) increasing in frequency • Growing educated middle class, questioning of teachings, stronger monarchy contributed to decline of Church

  38. The Church in Trouble • 1300s, papacy under influence of French monarchy • 1305, French archbishop becomes Pope Clement V • moves court from Rome toAvingon, France as protectionagainst Italian civil wars • only appointed Fr. Cardinals • popes stayed in exile until 1377

  39. The Church in Trouble • With papacy stationed in France: • people feared dominant French monarchs • others took issue with increasing taxes and changing church administration • 1377, Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome • he dies, mobs force an Italian to be elected • Cardinals elect an Italian, then recant, elect new pope, settles in Avingon • Results in Great Schism 1378-1417, severely undermined Pope’s authority

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