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Chapter 2 Not responsible for Section 10 Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus

Phonetics Slide. 1. Chapter 2 Not responsible for Section 10 Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus Homework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15 Problem Set 1 due 4/17 http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%201.pdf Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10.

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Chapter 2 Not responsible for Section 10 Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus

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  1. Phonetics Slide 1 • Chapter 2 • Not responsible for Section 10 • Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus • Homework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15 • Problem Set 1 due 4/17 • http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%201.pdf • Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10

  2. The study of speech sounds Articulatory or acoustic phonetics Speech sounds = phones, segments Consonants and vowels Phonetics Slide 2 PHONETICS - Chapter 2

  3. Transcription International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Break away from spelling IPA is one to one sound-symbol correspondence Phonetics Slide 3 PHONETICS - Chapter 2

  4. Transcription Broad transcription Narrow transcription (uses diacritics) Phonetics Slide 4 PHONETICS - Chapter 2

  5. Sound classes Consonants, vowels and glides Sonorant Syllabic vs. nonsyllabic Glides Phonetics Slide 5 PHONETICS - Chapter 2

  6. Anatomy Parts of the body used for making speech (see video) Figure 2.1 page 19  The glottis - the space between the vocal folds (Figure 2.2) - Voiced, voiceless, whisper, murmur (breathy) Phonetics Slide 6 PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Link for vocal fold video 12

  7. Anatomy Phonetics Slide 7 PHONETICS - Chapter 2

  8. Consonant articulation See Figure 2.3 p. 23 (slide 7) The tongue The oral tract and places of articulation say: typical, sufficient Manners of articulation Phonetics Slide 8 PHONETICS - Chapter 2 places and manner of articulation video

  9. Consonant articulation Phonetics Slide 9 PHONETICS - Chapter 2 palate (palatal) velum (velar) alveolar ridge uvula (uvular) lips (labial) teeth (dental) places and manner of articulation video

  10. Phonetics Slide 10 Consonants say: typical = stops; sufficient = fricatives – vary in place of articulation

  11. Places of articulation (for English) LabialDentalAlveolar PalatalVelar Phonetics Slide 11 also Glottal Lips Teeth Ridge Roof of Soft Behind top Mouth Palate Teeth Bilabial Labiodental Alveopalatal Interdental Postalveolar Palatoalveolar

  12. Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation Phonetics Slide 12 PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Consonants so [d] is a voicedalveolarstop

  13. Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation Phonetics Slide 13 PHONETICS - Chapter 2

  14. Phonetics Slide 14 PHONETICS - Chapter 2 • International Phonetic Alphabet • Sound - symbol correspondence • Transcription • Download IPA font at www.sil.org, then go to computing in menu on bottom, then “Fonts in cyberspace”, then select “SIL fonts”, then “SIL IPA93” Go to Peter Ladefoged’s website: http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/

  15. Phonetics Slide 15 Consonants - Stops • Oral or nasal (see video1 or 2) • Complete obstruction in oral cavity • Closure and then release • Glottal stop • 10 English stops http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T3_Vpc44-0

  16. Phonetics Slide 16 Consonants - Fricatives • Narrowing in oral cavity • Near closure - forcing air through small space - hissing • Fricatives are continuous air through the mouth (continuants) • 9 English fricatives

  17. Phonetics Slide 17 • Delayed release of stop causing fricative after • 2 English affricates Consonants - Affricates

  18. Phonetics Slide 18 Consonants - Sibilants/Stridents • Louder type of fricative/affricate • 6 English stridents

  19. Phonetics Slide 19 • Laterals - air passes over sides of tongue • r’s - bunched up tongue or retroflex • 2 English liquids - plus flap (See video) Consonants – Liquids and flap Liquids Glottal stop vs. flap in the word little

  20. Phonetics Slide 20 • Almost no obstruction in oral cavity • 2 English glides • [w] is really labiovelar Consonants - Glides

  21. Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation Phonetics Slide 21 PHONETICS - Chapter 2

  22. English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left) Phonetics Slide 22

  23. Phonetics Practice 23 Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej

  24. Phonetics Practice 24 Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej

  25. Phonetics Practice 25 Exercise Examples

  26. Phonetics Slide 26 • Syllabic nasals and liquids • Voiceless liquids and glides – after voiceless stops, no s- in front Consonants - Other

  27. Phonetics Slide 27 • Puff of air after initial voiceless stop • Not after s- Consonants - Aspiration

  28. Phonetics Practice 28 Practice - Transcribe the following words in narrow transcription - all of them have the vowel [ej]

  29. Phonetics Slide 29 Vowels • Different from consonants • A lot more variation (different dialects) • Vowels are in a continuous space and gradient • Described by tongue height and backness • Also by rounding and tense/lax Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms: Height -- Back/Front -- Un/Rounded -- Tense/lax -- Vowel vowel videos

  30. Phonetics Slide 30 vowel words

  31. Phonetics Practice 31 Transcription (aspiration if you can)

  32. Phonetics Practice 32 Transcription

  33. Phonetics Practice 33 Transcription

  34. Phonetics Practice 34 Transcription – Aspiration if you can

  35. Phonetics Practice 35 Broad Transcription

  36. Phonetics Practice 36 Transcription

  37. Phonetics Practice 37 Practice - Transcribe (narrow if possible) the following words

  38. Phonetics Practice 38 Practice - Transcribe the following words – syllabic nasals and liquids

  39. Phonetics Slide 39 Suprasegmentals (prosody) • pitch • loudness • length

  40. Phonetics Slide 40 Pitch • to change pitch, change tension of vocal folds (raise and lower Adam’s apple) • Tone - meaningful differences signaled by different pitches • Intonation - pitch changes in spoken utterances not related to differences in word meaning (but that do contain information)

  41. Phonetics Slide 41 Tone • register tones - level tones (Mpi tones,Hmong tones) • contour tones - moving pitch on a word that signals different meanings of words (Chinese tones,Cantonese tones)

  42. Phonetics Slide 42 Intonation • “Don’t use that tone with me, young lady/man!” • Terminal contour • Nonterminal contour • High rising terminal contours - One time, at band camp • Downdrift

  43. Phonetics Slide 43 Length • Geminate consonants in Italian • Vowel length in Danish

  44. Phonetics Slide 44 Stress • More prominence - realized by length, pitch and/or loudness • Always relative • Primary and secondary • Can be meaningful in English produce vs. produce - insult

  45. Phonetics Slide 45 Speech Production • Coarticulation - more than one articulator is active - please • Articulatory processes - adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but often for ease of articulation) • Assimilation • Dissimilation • Deletion • Epenthesis • Metathesis • Vowel Reduction

  46. Phonetics Slide 46 Articulatory Processes - Assimilation • Assimilation - when the features or characteristics of one sound spread to another sound • Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of Y spreads to X (backwards). Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant - bed vs. Ben • Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of X spreads to Y (forward). Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride

  47. Phonetics Slide 47 Articulatory Processes - Assimilation • Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same voicing as a nearby sound • voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced • devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless

  48. Phonetics Slide 48 Articulatory Processes - Assimilation • Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound takes on the same place of articulation as a nearby sound • Palatalization - making the place of articulation more palatal • Also term used for changing alveolar sound to post-alveolar • Homorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant changes depending on the place of articulation of the following consonant

  49. Phonetics Slide 49 Articulatory Processes - Assimilation • Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound takes on the same manner of articulation as a nearby sound • Nasalization - making vowel nasalized • Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop becomes a flap (where first syllable is stressed and second is not) (Flaps are considered continuant so more vowel like)

  50. Phonetics Slide 50 Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation • Two sounds become less alike • Rare process

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