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Chapter 10 Section 2. Building a Muslim Empire. I. Early Challenges to Islam. Death of Muhammad left no successor. Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s father-in-law. He became the 1st caliph. Muslims refuse to follow him and withdraw their loyalty to Islam.
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Chapter 10 Section 2 Building a Muslim Empire
I. Early Challenges to Islam • Death of Muhammad left no successor. • Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s father-in-law. He became the 1st caliph. • Muslims refuse to follow him and withdraw their loyalty to Islam. • He regained their loyalty and united them under one ruler. • Muslim Empire overtook both the Byzantine and Persian Empires
II. Divisions Emerge Within Islam • Shiites Felt Muhammad designated his son-in-law, Ali, to lead Islam • Shiites could divinely interpret the Quran. • Sunnis Believe a pious male Muslim from Muhammad’s tribe should be the leader. • This leader is only a political figure
II. Divisions Emerge Within Islam • They believe inspiration comes from the example of Muhammad recorded by his early followers. • Both Sunnis and Shiites are still divided today. • 90% of Muslims are Sunni.
II. Divisions Emerge Within Islam • Sufis Muslim mystics who fast, meditate and do other traditions to find oneness with God. • They spread Islam by traveling, preaching, and being a good example.
Review Questions • Who was the first caliph of Islam? • Abu Bakr • What sect of Islam believes the leader should be a descendent of Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali? • Shiites • What power do Shiites believe they possess? • The ability to divinely interpret the Quran • What is the largest sect of Islam? Who do they believe should lead Islam? • Sunnis believe a pious member of Muhammad’s tribe should lead
III. Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire. • Umayyad Caliphate Sunni group who set up an empire after Ali’s death. • Spread Islam from Spain to India. • Reasons for Umayyad’s success: • Weakness of the Byzantines and Persians. • “Arab Liberators”. • Bold efficient fighting methods. • Desire to glorify Islam.
III. Umayyad Caliphates Build an Empire • Tolerant of Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. • Forced them to pay taxes. • Christians & Jews played key roles in Arab societies (doctors, government officials). • Muslims prohibited looting and destruction of cities.
III. Umayyad Caliph Builds an Empire • Reasons for converting to Islam: • For political or economic reasons. • Islam had a very simple message. • There is no hierarchy. • Umayyads begin to decline (fall in 750) • Arabs had to adapt from living in the deserts to ruling huge territories. • Ruled like tribal leaders instead of kings.
III. Umayyad Caliph Builds an Empire • They often relied on non-Arab officials to help rule their land. • Tension between wealthy and poor Arabs because of caliphs’ luxurious lifestyle.
Umayyad Review • When did the Umayyad Caliphate begin? • Why were the Persians and Byzantines weakened? • What are 3 reasons why Umayyads were so successful? • Why did so many people convert to Islam? • How did geography and economics play into the decline of the Umayyad Empire?
Umayyad Review • When did the Umayyad Caliphate begin? • After Ali’s death (661) • Why were the Persians and Byzantines weakened? • They had fought each other to the point of exhaustion • What are 3 reasons why Umayyads were so successful? • Weakness of Byz. and Per., “Arab Liberators”, bold fighting styles, glory of Islam
Umayyad Review • Why did so many people convert to Islam? • For power or wealth, its simple message, equality (no hierarchy) • How did geography and economics play into the decline of the Umayyad Empire? • Arabs had to adapt from living in the desert to ruling large territories and they ruled those lands like tribes, not kingdoms (Geography). • Their was an economic between classes when conquests began to slow down (Economics)
