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Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons

Explore the history, advantages, and applications of cyclotrons and synchrotrons. Learn about the theory and development of circular accelerators, compare them to linear accelerators, and understand the concept of synchrocyclotrons. Discover the benefits of synchrotrons over cyclotrons and delve into the future possibilities of synchrotron technology. Explore the applications of synchrotron radiation, including surface imaging and semiconductor manufacture.

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Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons

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  1. Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons Juliana G Brittany P and

  2. Outline • Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons • History • Compare to Linear Accelerators • Schematic Views • Theory of Circular Accelerators • Development of Synchrotron • Advantages over Cyclotron • Schematic View • Conclusion • Future of Synchrotrons • Applications of Synchrotron Radiation

  3. History • Cyclotron conceived by E. Lawrence in 1929 • Ions accelerated using radial magnetic force • Less voltage needed than in linear accelerators • More compact • Synchrocyclotron developed in 1950s • Relativistic mass increase • Synchrotron invented soon thereafter • Varying magnetic field • Cheaper and Easier http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/

  4. Linear Accelerator • Compare to a circular accelerator • Much higher voltage needed • Not cost-effective http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/

  5. Cyclotron Schematic Top View Side View Injected ions Uniform B-field region Alternating E-field Ejected ions www.hyperphysics.com

  6. F B v The Cyclotron • Period is independent of velocity • Particle steered by magnet • Moves in larger circles in equal amounts of time • Gains more & more energy • Accelerates to large energies without large voltages • Energy limits- disk size, B-field strength ~~ 100 MeV F= ma q(v×B)= mv2/ r For circular orbits, q(v×B)= qvB r= mv/qB ω= v/ r= qB/m ”cyclotron frequency” f=ω/2p = qB/2pm

  7. 3D View http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/

  8. Synchrocyclotron • An augmented cyclotron • Particles in cyclotrons gain mass due to relativity • Increases period each revolution • “frequency modulation” http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib

  9. Synchrotron Notice: particles travel in a ring, not a disk universe-review.ca/

  10. Synchrotrons • Magnetic field gradually increases as energy increases • Particles accelerated in a ring, not a disk • Allows for cheaper construction http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib

  11. Conclusion • The Future of Synchrotrons • Energies up to 1000 GeV • Behavior of the nucleus • The Strong Force • Quarks • Matter-antimatter collisions • Synchrotron Radiation • “Unwanted” byproduct • Applications • Surface Imaging • Semiconductor manufacture • Quicker computer processors http://www.europhysicsnews.com

  12. References • www.hyperphysics.com • http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/ • http://universe-review.ca/ • http://about-nature.net/synchrotron/ • http://synchrotronsbasic.net • http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/ • http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/article3/ • http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib

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