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Understanding Protein Structures: From Amino Acids to Complex Forms

This comprehensive overview explores different protein structures, emphasizing their formation and roles. Proteins are polymers made up of 20 distinct amino acids, linked through peptide bonds during condensation reactions. The discussion includes the primary structure—linear chains of amino acids—secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds, tertiary structures formed by further folding, and quaternary structures consisting of multiple polypeptides. Understanding these structures is crucial to grasping protein function and the impact of structural changes on biological activity.

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Understanding Protein Structures: From Amino Acids to Complex Forms

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  1. Objectives E – Recall the different structures of proteins and the test for proteins. C– Describe how a peptide bond is formed. Describe the different structure of proteins A – Explain how the structures of a polypeptide build up and how changes to this may affect function

  2. Proteins • Polymer • Monomer is amino acid • 20 amino acids

  3. Amino group Carboxylic group

  4. Amino acids • 20 different amino acids • Joined together by condensation • Peptide bond is formed

  5. Polypeptide is many amino acids joined together

  6. condensation

  7. Polypeptide – primary structure • Chain of amino acids • Held together by peptide bonds • Differences due to the type, number and position of amino acid

  8. Secondary structure Folding of polypeptide chain forming an alpha helix or a beta sheet

  9. Secondary structure Held together by hydrogenbonds

  10. Tertiary structure • Further folding of secondary structure, held together by hydrogen, ionic,disulphide and hydrophobic bonds

  11. Quaternary structure More than one polypeptide joined together

  12. The alpha helix are shown The beta pleated sheets are shown The disulphide bridges are shown by purple atoms bonded together. The bits of the protein chain which are just random coils and loops are shown as bits of "string".

  13. Alpha helix Primary structure 1-4 glycosidic link Monosaccharide Secondary structure Quartenary structure Beta pleated sheet Fructose Hexose Peptide bond Galactose Condensation Hydrogen bonds Lactose Maltose Sucrose Hydrolysis Tertiary structure Lactose Secondary structure

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