Capstone Project – Public Administration

1. Capstone Project – Public Administration University Writing Center Fall 2012

2. Recommended option • Analytical paper • Considers what already exists regarding project or issue in internship or work site to recommendation

3. Analytical paper • Identify problem/issue • Review existing literature • (not just phone calls) • Identify theoretical models • Synthesize literature, theory and problem • Make recommendation(s)

4. Option 2 • Research study • requires primary data collection and analysis to address the problem

5. Research paper • Identify problem/issue • Research design • Literature review • Data collection • Methodology (surveys, interviews, etc.) • Population • Data analysis • Conclusions • NOTE: may require IRB approval

6. Why Cite? • Academic conversations and writing are based on research and on what people believed before • Challenge - must maintain your voice • Provide citation information as courtesy

7. Samples Although it took some time, we found “a multitude of salvageable materials by looking in the junk yard.”1 Smith and Johnson note the advantage of going to junk yards for reusable materials.2 1. John Smith and Amy Johnson, Benefits of Visiting Junk Yards (Chicago, IL: Trashcan Press, 2004), 18. 2. Smith and Johnson, Benefits.

8. Review of literature • Review of related literature • Situates current research in the existing field(s) to show its contribution, significance, or solve problem

9. Review of literature • Blends the information from the sources • Does not rely on quotations, paraphrases instead • Uses Turabian Style

10. Clustering – Visual

11. Spreadsheet

12. Sample Organizational Behavior Concept Paper OzgeIleri http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~ozge/documents/publicservicemotivation.pdf

13. Most of the initial research on PSM has focused on indicators of motivation and tends to explore the public-private sector dichotomy in the context of intrinsic1 versus extrinsic reward systems (Mann 2006). Public employees value intrinsic motivators more than private-sector employees (Perry and Wise 1990; Crewson 1997; Frank and Lewis 2004). Rainey (1982) asserted that serving the society and the public interest matters more to public than private employees. Crewson (1997) found that high pay matters less to public than to private employees. Naff and Crum (1999) suggested that employees with higher PSM are less likely to consider seeking private sector employment. Frank and Lewis (2004) pointed out that public sector employees do value useful, helpful, interesting jobs more (and high-paying jobs with good advancement opportunities less) than those in the private sector.

14. Sample • Learner-centered perspectives, identified as important by Duffy and Kirkley (2004), are present in adult education, educational psychology, ISD, and feminist literature. Adult educators note that the Kolb Model (1984) identifies four different learning style preferences and has been used in many different disciplines (Garner, 2000) to improve the effectiveness of learning environments (Ross and Lukow 2004).

15. Kastman-Breuch and Racine (2000) concur with Monroe (1998), who argues that an online space changes the nature of the client/tutor interactions and, therefore, believes it will become necessary to re-evaluate tutoring strategies and pedagogies for online environments. Leander (2000) notes there is a shift in roles from the traditional tutor-directed structure to a more learner-centered style, adding that sometimes there are the added benefits of having a wider number of responders if the forum is more of a chat environment. Sample

16. Methodology • What are you going to do? • Type of study • How are you going to do it? • Participants • Data collection • Data analysis THINK RECIPE!

17. Findings • Present your data – organized logically • Themes • Research questions • Statistical significance • Visual representations JUST THE FACTS – NO ANALYSIS AT THIS POINT

18. Conclusions/Discussion • Identify organizational pattern • Use headings to separate the information • Present only one point at a time (although you may need to reference previous points) • Briefly set up and wrap up each discussion section

19. Recommendations • Based on what you found, what should be done to remedy the problem, etc.?

20. Bibliography • List of sources consulted and used • Acknowledges work of other scholars GENERAL NOTES: • Starts on new page • Double spaced • Uses hanging indent • Alphabetical order

21. Appendices • Materials that contribute to document but cannot be included in text • Too large • Supplemental GENERAL NOTES: • Labeled with letters (Appendix A, etc.) • Separate documents • Must be referenced in document

22. Important tips CONCISE AND DIRECT = POWERFUL • Short, logical, and direct sentences • Subject and predicate format • The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about, while the predicate tells something about the subject. • Lead into the idea and the support it

23. Consider • Audience • Readability • Potential use(s) • Balance of analysis and recommendations • What already exists and based on that what should be done

24. Revise • Clarify and connect ideas • Organize ideas in logical pattern • Incorporate visuals • Include all required components • Meet usability • Cite all sources

25. Edit • Examine the overall aspects of the document at sentence/word level • Fragments, run-on sentences, comma splices • Incorrect word use (frequently happens when using electronic thesaurus) • Subject/pronoun agreement

26. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ACTION: A CASE STUDY OF DEKALB Jim Student Advanced City Government PSPA 683 January 19, 2011

27. Formatting • 1” margins on all sides • Times New Roman or Palatino • 12 pt for text and 10 for footnotes • Footnote numbers are superscripted • Double space except block quotations, table titles, and individual bibliography entries • Page numbers at bottom in center of page

28. Example City of DeKalb Government (bold) Departments in City’s Organization (not bold) Public Works (bold) Street Repair Services (not bold) Reporting potholes. The first step is… (not bold)

29. Citation style • Uses footnotes or parenthetical citations in-text • If multiple sources, put in one note with semicolons (;) between them

30. Citation style • Uses bibliography for overall source list, but you do not have to include • Newspaper articles • Bible or sacred work • Dictionaries/encyclopedias • Reviews/abstracts/pamphlets • Unpublished interviews and personal communication • U.S. Constitution • Legal cases

31. Books • Footnote 1. John Smith, The Truth about Writing: From Word Choice to Document (DeKalb, IL: Semicolon Press, 2005), 418. Bibliography Smith, John. The Truth about Writing: From Word Choice to Document. DeKalb, IL: Semicolon Press, 2005.

32. Articles Footnote • Jane Eyre, “Victorian Love Stories,” Writers Guild Journal 204, no. 3 (June 2008), 45. Bibliography Eyre, Jane. “Victorian Love Stories.” Writers Guild Journal 204, no. 3 (June 2008): 41-82.

33. Online Journal Footnote • Jane Eyre, “Victorian Love Stories,” Writers Guild Journal 204, no. 3 (June 2008), http://www.wgj.org. (accessed September 14, 2010). Bibliography Eyre, Jane. “Victorian Love Stories.” Writers Guild Journal 204, no. 3 (June 2008): 41-82. http://www.wgj.org. (accessed September 14, 2010).

34. Newspapers Footnote • Editorial, Daily Chronicle, January 3, 2011. • Samuel Sentence, “Writing Styles Changing,” Grammar News, June 14, 2003. Or weave into sentence In an article published on June 14, 2003, in the Grammar News, Samuel Sentence notes that…

35. Interviews/Personal Communication Footnote 34. John Smith, interview, Interview with legal case worker, June 3, 2010. 40. John Smith, email message, Interview with legal case worker, June 3, 2010.

36. Websites Footnote 19. DeKalb City Planning Commission, “Marketing Plan,” City of DeKalb, http://www.marketingplan/cityofdekalb.org. (accessed March 9, 2009).

37. Public documents Footnote 38. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. The Mutual Security Act of 1956, 84th Cong., 2d sess, 1956, Rep. 2273, 9-10. Bibliography U. S. Congress. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. The Mutual Security Act of 1956, 84th Cong., 2d sess, 1956, Rep. 2273.

38. Legal Cases Footnote 169. United States v. Christmas, 222 F.3d 141, 145 (4th Cir. 2000).