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The ABCs of APA

The ABCs of APA. Angela L. Patti Colleen A. Wilkinson Fall 2009. Introduction to APA Style. What is APA style?. A particular style of writing guided by “style rules” designed to “codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension” (p. xiii)

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The ABCs of APA

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  1. The ABCs of APA Angela L. Patti Colleen A. Wilkinson Fall 2009

  2. Introduction to APA Style

  3. What is APA style? • A particular style of writing guided by “style rules” designed to “codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension” (p. xiii) • Used by students and researchers in a number of disciplines including psychology, education, and other behavioral and social sciences • This presentation is based on: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) Washington, DC: Author.

  4. Reasons to Know and Use APA Style • Coursework • Academic Integrity • Common Language • Professionalism

  5. Overview of APA Manual

  6. Chapter 1 • Title: Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences • Highlights: -types of articles -ethical and legal standards in publishing -plagiarism -protecting the rights and welfare of research participants

  7. Chapter 2 • Title: Manuscript Structure and Content • Highlights: -journal article reporting standards -manuscript elements -sample papers

  8. Chapter 3 • Title: Writing Clearly and Concisely • Highlights: -organization (headings and seriation) -writing style -guidelines for reducing bias -grammar and usage

  9. Chapter 4 • Title: The Mechanics of Style • Highlights: -punctuation -spelling -capitalization -abbreviations -numbers -statistical and mathematical notations

  10. Chapter 5 • Title: Displaying Results • Highlights: -tables -figures

  11. Chapter 6 • Title: Crediting Sources • Highlights: -when to cite -direct quoting -paraphrasing -constructing reference lists

  12. Chapter 7 • Title: Reference Examples • Highlights: -general reference guidelines -reference examples by type

  13. Chapter 8 • Title: The Publication Process • Highlights: -editorial process -author responsibilities

  14. Highlight of Changes from the 5th to the 6th Editions

  15. A few noteworthy changes: • Reorganization of the manual • Expanded APA Style website: www.apastyle.org • Guidelines for referencing electronic sources • Modified rules for references • Updated examples • Revised guidelines on reducing bias in language • Modified rules for levels of headings • Change in format rule: use two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence • For other changes, see the website

  16. Manuscript Format

  17. General Manuscript Guidelines (p. 228-229; 88) • Preferred typeface: Times New Roman • Use a 12-point font size • Use two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence • Double-space entire manuscript • Set uniform margins of at least 1 inch on all pages • Use a flush left style and leave right margin uneven; do not justify • Use the tab key to create a uniform indent for the first line of every paragraph • In general - focus on uniformity and readability

  18. Order of a Manuscript (p. 229-230) • Title page • Abstract • Text • References • Tables • Figures • Appendices

  19. Title Page (p. 23-25; 229) • Manuscript title: -should summarize the main idea of the manuscript simply and with style -should be typed in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered between left and right margins, positioned in upper half of page • Author: -appears on next line after title, centered -preferred format: first name, middle initial(s), last name • Institutional affiliation: -appears on next line after author, centered -where the author was when research was conducted • Running head: -abbreviated form of title printed at top of all pages , flush left, following the words “Running head:” -50 characters or less, all capital letters • Author’s note: -can include additional information about affiliation, acknowledgements, disclaimers, etc. -see manual for specifics

  20. Abstract (p. 25-27) • A brief, but comprehensive summary of the contents of the manuscript • Starts on a separate page after the title page, numbered page 2 • See manual for specifics on what to include in an abstract

  21. Text (p. 27-37) • Starts on a separate page after the abstract page, numbered page 3 • Type manuscript title in upper and lowercase letters, centered on the top line • Begin typing introduction on the next line – do not label this section as “introduction” • See manual for sections to include • Use headings to organize contents of text

  22. Levels of Headings (p. 62-63) Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 1) Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 2) Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 3) Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 4) Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 5)

  23. Notes about Headings (p. 62-63) • In a lowercase paragraph heading, the first letter of the first word is uppercase and the remaining words are lowercase • For headings ending with a period, continue on with your paragraph after the period (on the same line of text) • The number of levels of headings with vary according to the length and complexity of your manuscript • For a manuscript with one level of heading, use Level 1; if two levels of heading are needed, use Levels 1 and 2; if three levels are needed, use Levels 1, 2, and 3…and so on

  24. Reference Page (p. 37) • Start on a new page after the end of the text • Type the word “References” in uppercase and lowercase letters on the top line, centered • Double-space the entire reference page and all entries • Go on to additional pages as necessary • More information presented on references and order of references later in this presentation

  25. Additional Materials • Include additional materials after the reference page(s) in the following order: -tables -figures -appendices • Begin each one on a new page • Label each piece clearly • See manual for specifics

  26. References

  27. General Guidelines (p. 180; 193) • Include all references on a reference page, double-spaced • Use a hanging indent for all references (first line is flush left, additional lines are indented) • Follow examples provided in manual • If you cannot find an example in the manual which matches your particular reference, use your best judgment; be sure to include all of the important pieces of information (see next slide)

  28. Reference Components (p. 183-187) • Author and Editor Information • Publication Date • Title • Publication Information • Locator Information for Electronic Sources

  29. Author and Editor Information (p. 184) • Invert all authors’ names (last name goes first) • Give surnames and initials for up to and including seven authors • When authors number eight or more, include the first six authors’ names, then insert three ellipses, and add the last author’s name • Use commas to separate authors; with two to seven authors, use an ampersand (&) before the last author • Be sure to keep the authors in the same order as they appear on the work • Include editor information for edited books and chapters – see manual for details

  30. Publication Date (p. 185) • Give in parentheses the year the work was published • For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, give the year followed by a comma, and then the month, month and day, or season, if available • If no date is available, write “n.d.”in parentheses. • Finish this element of the reference with a period after the closing parenthesis

  31. Title (p. 185-186) • Article or chapter title -capitalize only the first words of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns -do not italicize the title or place quotation marks around it -finish the element with a period Mental and nervous diseases in the Russo-Japanese war: A historical analysis. • Periodical title: Journals, newsletters, magazines -give the periodical title in full, in uppercase and lowercase letters -italicize the name of the periodical Social Science Quarterly

  32. Title (Continued, p. 185-186) • Nonperiodical title: Books and reports -capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns -italicize the title -do not use a period between the title and any parenthetical information Development of entry-level tests to select FBI special agents (Publication No. FR-PRD-94-06).

  33. Publication Information (p. 186-187) • Periodicals: Journals, newsletters, magazines -give the volume number after the periodical title; italicize it -include the journal issue number in parentheses (not italicized) directly after the volume number if the journal is paginated by issue -follow with a comma -give the page numbers -finish the element with a period Social Sciences Quarterly, 84, 508-525. • Nonperiodicals: Books and reports -give the location where the publisher is located (city and state) -follow with a colon -give the name of the publisher -finish the element with a period Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

  34. Electronic Sources and Locator Information (p. 187-192) • If the material was accessed electronically, you need to include locator information • Include a DOI when available -a DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet -all DOI numbers begin with “10” and contain a prefix and a suffix separated by a slash -the DOI is typically located on the first page of an article • If no DOI is available, provide the home page URL of the journal or of the book or report publisher (as opposed to providing database information) • See manual for more information and examples

  35. Reference ExampleJournal article with DOI (p. 198) Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

  36. Reference Example Journal article with DOI, more than seven authors (p. 198-199) Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., … Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267. doi: 10.1080/14622200410001676305

  37. Reference Example Journal article without DOI (when DOI is not available) (p. 199) Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 73-82. -If there is no DOI assigned and the reference was retrieved online, give the URL of the journal home page. (No retrieval date is necessary.)

  38. Reference Example Magazine article (p. 200) Chamberlain, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29.

  39. Reference Example Newspaper article (p. 200) Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. -Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or pp. -If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate numbers with a comma (e.g., pp. B1, B3, B5-B7)

  40. Reference Example Entire book, print version (p. 203) Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency. London, England: Taylor & Francis.

  41. Reference Example Entry in an online reference work, no author or editor (p. 205) Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary /heuristic -If the online version refers to a print edition, include the edition number after the title.

  42. Reference Example Corporate author, government report (p. 205) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof /lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf

  43. Other Types of References • There are many other types of references found in the APA manual; a few examples are: -online magazine article -online newspaper article -special issue or section in a journal -electronic version of a print book -book chapter, print version -proceedings published regularly online -Master’s thesis -Doctoral dissertation -review of a book -audiovisual media (video, podcast, TV show, music recording, photograph, etc.) -message posted to a newsgroup, online forum, or discussion group -blog post -legal document

  44. Order of References (p. 181-183) • Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author, and then go to initials if necessary Follow rules for special cases… • Nothing precedes something: Brown, J. R., precedes Browning A. R., even though i precedes j in the alphabet • If the author(s) is/are the same, order the references chronologically, with the earliest first: Upenieks, V. (2003). Upenieks, V. (2005).

  45. Order of References (Continued, p. 181-183) • One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname (even if the multiple-author work was published first) Alleyne, R. L. (2001). Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999). • If there are multiple authors, but the first author is the same, alphabetize by the second author; if the second author is the same, go to the third, and so on: Boockvar, K. S., & Burack, O. R. (2007) Boockvar, K. S., Carlson LaCorte, H., Giambanco, V. Friedman, B., & Siu, A. (2006) • If the author is an agency, association, etc., alphabetize the reference by the name of that group e.g. American Psychological Association • If there is no author, move the title to the author position, and alphabetize the entry by the first significant word of the title

  46. Citations

  47. Citations - Overview • Citations appear in the text of your paper and are used to identify information and ideas that are not your own • Citations briefly identify the source of your information so that readers can find the appropriate reference(s) in your reference list • How you cite depends on the number of authors that contributed to the information you are using and the type of reference • You should cite whenever the ideas, theories, or research of others has directly influenced your work (p. 169) • You should cite when you are directly quoting and when you are paraphrasing • All citations in your text must appear in your reference list and all references in your reference list must appear as citations in your text

  48. Plagiarism (p. 170) • Do NOT claim the words and/or ideas of another as your own • Give credit where credit is due • Use quotation marks to indicate the exact words of another (directly quoting) • Credit a source each time you take an idea from it even if it is not word-for-word (paraphrasing)

  49. Direction Quotation Example (p. 171) Interpreting these results, Robbins et al. (2003) suggested that the “therapists in dropout cases may have inadvertently validated parental negativity about the adolescent without adequately responding to the adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p. 541), contributing to the overall climate of negativity. -enclose quoted material in quotation marks -be sure to indentify author, date, and page number

  50. Direct Quotation Alternate Example (p. 171) Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care, whereby “medical needs are met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone on the team” (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112). -same information is identified, but author is included in parentheses

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