Industrialisation and the US as a World Power

1. Industrialisation and the US as a World Power Per. 6 Andrew Aghilian| Savannah Dawson | AlyxFaber| BrittaniGibson | KianaHossenian |Tuan Huynh | Anthony Kim | MehrnazRazavi| Harrison Rich| David Udell Take Note on What's In

2. The Effect of Industrialisation • Industrialisation was the increase of manufacturing favoring quantity over quality.   • America began to manufacture rather than hand make quality products. • Industrialization started more slavery because factories needed people to work jobs of operating machines. • The Jungle by Upton Sinclair (1904) showed society the truth about the health and safety in the meatpacking industry. • Showed the disgusting lack of care that was being given to meat. Caused many Americans to become vegetarian. • Cities grew due to industrialization because of mass production from factories, which caused people living in the countryside to move to cities because of cheaper products and more job opportunities.

3. The AmericanizationMovement • The Americanization Movement = social movement funded by the US government to get a bunch of immigrants into America’s dominant culture • American schools established programs to “Americanize” immigrants by teaching them skills such as cooking and behaving like an American citizen. • BUT immigrants were reluctant to change their customs…SO small ethnic communities provided immigrants support of others from the same country BUT they became overcrowded…

4. The A.M.: Housing • The urban population soared SO WHAT DO? • working-class families had 2 options: • Buy a house so far away that it was nearly impossible to get to. • OR rent a cramped room in a boardinghouse • tenements= when 2 or 3 immigrant families occupied an urban dwelling. • FUN FACT!!! Some people got lazy and didn’t know where to put their trash, they’d throw it out of their air shafts which attracted vermin. • Ironically, tenements (intending to be better homes) became the worst shelter option. • Limited water and not enough food to eat was also a major problem

5. The A.M.: Transportation and Water • mass transit= systems that were made to transport a lot of people in the city • BUUUUT there were difficulties in repairing and up-keeping them because of more people piling into town. • Cities built public waterworks BUT eventually, people either had a miniscule amount of water flowing or even none at all. • Poor-conditioned water eventually lead to disease • (1870s) filtration was introduced to make water less toxic

6. SettlementHouses • settlement houses = centers in poor communities that provided help to people in the surrounding area, especially immigrants. • (1889) Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr f. Chicago Hull House • usually run by middle-class, college-educated women

7. Political Machines • WHAT are they?  • A political machine is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. • HOW do they work? • By using the spoils system (giving government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as a motive to keep working for the party), "behind-the-scenes" control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy, political machines were the ultimate source of power in a city/town.

8. The US as a Major Industriel Power • Towards the end of the 17th century the U.S. was becoming a major industrial power • Such business leaders as John Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie started monopolizing industries and becoming some of the richest men in the world • The business stagey used was called Social Darwinism: The belief of the survival of the fittest to sociology and politics • However the riches of some people did not influence everyone, poverty and child labor was prevalent in the urban areas John D. Rockefeller

9. Social DarwinismAbroad • Social Darwinism was used in other incenses then just in the U.S. • Hawaii being in geographical range from the U.S. was desired and sought out after • With aid from James Dole and various U.S. sugar cane plantation owners the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown, its citizens wanting to be part of the U.S. • This proved how Social Darwinism affected the means of U.S. power and Imperialism Queen Lili’uokalani The last Queen Of Hawaii

10. Muckrakers • What are they? • Muckrakers were journalists that would expose corruption in business and politics. • Muckrakers wanted to improve working conditions, make laws against unfair business acts, and felt that the government had to do something to help the people. • The muckrakers had one problem however. • Unlike Progressives, muckrakers did absolutely nothing to fix the problems. • They would bring attention to issues without having a solution.

11. Muckrakers (cont.) • Who were they? • A few famous muckrakers include: • Jacob Riis : Photographer of city slums and author of “How the Other Half Lives” • Lewis Hine : Photographer of child labor • Upton Sinclair : Wrote about health and safety in the meat packing industry and author of “The Jungle” • Lincoln Steffens : Discussed the mismanagement of city governments and author of “The Shame of the Cities” • Ida Tarbell : Exposed JD Rockefeller and his monopolizing of the oil industry Morgan Spurlock (Modern Muckraker)

12. Populists (July 1892) • Background:the unification of the southern and northern alliance came together on July 4, 1892 in Omaha, Nebraska to form the Peoples Party, which was later known as the Populist Party. • Goal:wanted the government to be more responsive to the people • Platforms: • President and vice president should only serve one term • Secret ballot – before the ballots were colored so people would know who the people voted for(allowing corruption in the political system) • Senators elected by the people not by stated legislatures • Make it easier for the people to write their own laws, reject bills passed by the legislature, and remove public officials from office • Against big business; wanted: government ownership of industries, give land not used by railroads to farmers, and support from labor unions to support 8 hour work days • Money issue: farmers wanted inflation to increase their standard of living • the govt didn’t want paper money because it wasn’t backed up by gold • farmers then turned to silver due to the huge supply in Nevada

13. Populists (cont.) • Populist figures:James Weaver, nominated by the Populist Party in the election of 1892. Won 4 million votes in four states. Hoped he would have a shot at the white house in 1896 • William Jennings Bryan (Democrat and populist) gave the Cross of Gold speech (July 8, 1896) one of the most famous speeches delivered at a national party convention • Effect on the US: drained gold supply, making the value of the dollar decrease • Side note: the populists collapsed as a result of McKinley’s victory and WJ Bryans loss in the election of 1896 James Weaver WJ Bryan

14. Progressives (early 1900s) • Background:they just wanted to fix things, whereas the Populist Party wanted to create a new political party. The Populist Party was too radical but they helped pave the way for the success of the Progressive party. • Effect on the US: improved working conditions, and had laws against unfair working conditions • Progressive figures: • Francis Perkins- worked for safety regulations in the workplace. Hull House was developed (a settlement house in Chicago that helped immigrants and the poor) • Hiram Johnson(governor of CA, and later the senator)-felt the govt should regulate railroads, supported 8 hour workdays for child labor, workmen’s compensation( money for if a worker gets hurt and can’t work), railroad commission to set up fair rates, public control of utilities • Robert LaFollette(congressman at 30, governor of Wisconsin, and later senator of Wisconsin) wanted Wisconsin to become a state of model reform, first state income tax, corporate tax, railroad rate commission, Conservation and Water Power acts, regulated state banks, limited lobbying • Theodore Roosevelt( president from 1901-09) pushed for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act

15. Open Door Policy • The open door policy was to protect equality in trading privileges among countries engaged in trade with China. • Its initiation by the US also aimed at supporting China’s sovereignty and administrative integrity. • The policy was drafted in the form of a statement of principles in 1899 and a modified form of it is used by various organizations worldwide.

16. The Spanish-American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898)

17. Historical Background • By the end of the 19th century, Spain - once the most powerful colonial nation on earth - had lost most of it colonies • Now it retained only the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico and a few other outposts island in Africa and the West Indies • Since the Monroe Doctrine, US stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. • Cuba, lying only 90 miles south of Florida, had been a point of interest for the US for years

18. American Interest in Cuba • In 1854, President Franklin Pierce sent diplomats to ask to buy Cuba from Spain • Spain’s answer? …. • They would rather see Cuba sunk in the ocean NEVER. CUBA

19. Cuban Struggle for Independence • Anti-Spanish sentiment in Cuba soon grew stronger everyday • When Cubans rebelled against Spain between 1868 and 1878, American sympathies went out to the Cuban people • Despite failure, Cuba did force Spain to abolish slavery; soon millions of dollars of investment from American capitalists went into the island plantations. Catalan volunteers depart in Barcelona

20. The Second War for Independence • Soon again, the second war for independence for Cuba erupted in 1895; led by José Martí, an exile poet and journalist in New York • The guerrilla Cubans forces put up resistance against Spain and also destroyed American property with hope of provoking US into the war • US public opinion soon was split • Business people wanted to support Spain in order to protect their investments • Other were enthusiastic about the rebel cause. The cry “Cuba Libre!” reminded many of Patrick Henry’s “Give me liberty or give me death!” José JuliánMartí Pérez

21. Yellow Journalism • In order to lure readers, William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer used exaggerated accounts soon become to known as yellow journalism • Yellow Journalism: the overstatement or exaggeration of a news story in order increase sales of newspapers • Hearts famous line to his reporter in Cuba, “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” • War seemed inevitable for the US

22. The De Lôme Letter • American sympathy grew with each day’s headlines, when President William McKinley took office in 1897 there was strong demand for US intervention in Cuba • At first diplomats seemed successful when Spain recalled General Weyler, modified the concentration camps policies and even offered Cuba limited self-government • However in February 1898 the New York Journal published a private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister to the US, a Cuban rebel had stolen the letter from Havana and leaked it to the news • In the letter, de Lome criticized President McKinley, calling him “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.”

23. The U.S.S Maine • In 1898, US ordered the U.S.S Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger of the war, on February 15, 1898 the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana with more than 260 casualties • American newspapers claimed that the Spanish had blown up the ship • Now there was no holding back the forces that wanted war.

24. “Remember the Maine!” • Despite Spain efforts for peace, including six-month cease-fire on April 9 • Congress agreed for war on April 11 and on April 20 the United States declared war • The rallying cry for US intervention in Cuba is “remember the Maine!”

25. The War in the Philippines • First battle happened on the other side of the globe when the navy force of the US steam into the Philippine Islands and destroyed every single Spanish ships there with technology and numerical superiority • Commondore George Dewey had the support of the Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo who also wanted freedom from Spain • In August, Spanish troops in Manila surrendered to the US

26. The War in the Caribbean • In the Caribbean, hostilities began with a naval blockade of Cuba, US victory in Philippines had demonstrated the superiority of US naval forces • In comparison, the Army was a small professional force joined by much larger ill-trained and inexperienced volunteers • About 125,000 Americans had volunteered to fight, the new soldiers were sent to training camps that lacked adequate supplies and effective leaders • There was also not enough modern guns to go around and the troops uniforms was heavy woolen which were unsuitable for Cuba’s tropical climate • Also the leaders which was mostly Civil War heroes often recall their war experience to the volunteers rather than actually training them

27. Rough Riders • Despite handicaps, American soon landed in Cuba and achieved victory after victory • The important battle of San Juan Hill which made Theodore Roosevelt become a national hero and political power despite his minor role in the actual battle • The cavalries regiment was giving the nickname Rough Riders for their bravery and courage despite being made up of mostly volunteers • With victory in Cuba, US soon invaded Puerto Rico on July 25

28. Treaty of Paris • The US and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, ending “a splendid little war” which lasted only 15 weeks • On December 10, 1898 both parties met at Paris to agree on a peace treaty at the peace talk Spain freed Cuba and also sold Philippines to the US for $20 million

29. Debate • Many criticized whether the US had the right to annex the Philippines, but soon McKinley justify after pray for the guidance of God was “to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them” despite them being Christian for centuries • Other felt that the treaty violated US Declaration of Independence for not letting the new territory elected their own government • Workers feared that Filipinos immigration will take over jobs • Humanitarians worry about the rights of the Filipino American and race-related issues at newly acquired territory

30. Aftermath • The US now had an empire that stretched to both hemispheres, a navy that could compete with England, and an industrial capacity beyond any European nations • The real question is when and how America would add more to it’s dominion

32. Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy • The idea of Big Stick Diplomacy came from Roosevelt’s phrase “speak softly and carry a big stick”. It was a major part of Theodore Roosevelt’s international relations policy. • The meaning relates to the U.S. resolving problems in a peaceful manner but having a full navy, or a “big stick” to back them up • The Big Stick policy was also applied to the Panama Canal Crisis and the Cuba question where the United States held Cuba to a set of rules and guidelines instead of annexing it.

33. W.H. Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • Dollar Diplomacywas a foreign policy created by U.S. president William Howard Taft and his secretary of state, Philander C. Know. • The policy was aimed at furthering the interests of the United States abroad by encouraging the investment of U.S. capital in foreign countries. • It grew out of President Theodore Roosevelt’s peaceful intervention in the Dominican Republic, where U.S. loans had been exchanged for the right to choose the Dominican head of customs.

34. Woodrow Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy • Wilson and Secretary of State Bryan desired to have good international relations but wanted a policy based on moral principles rather than selfish materialism of their predecessors. • In the Caribbean and Central America they wanted to substitute Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy for Moral Diplomacy. • It was a system created by Woodrow Wilson in which support was given only to countries whose moral beliefs are similar to that of the U.S. which meant only Democratic governments. • It was created as a means of economically injuring non-democratic countries seen as possible threats to the U.S. and hopefully increasing the number of democratic nations, particularly in Latin America.

35. The 1912 Election • The presidential candidates for the election of 1912 were New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson (Democratic Party), breakaway-Republican and ex-president Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Party), incumbent William H. Taft (Republican Party), and socialist leader Eugene V. Debs(Socialist Party of America). • Wilson endorsed progressive reform under his New Freedom program, demanding greater antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs. • Roosevelt advocated center-left progressive reform, supporting limited regulation. • Taft supported traditional conservative positions. • Debs called for an end to capitalism as a whole, to be replaced with a socialist planned economy. • Ultimately, Wilson proves victorious due to the split conservative vote between Roosevelt and Taft. He wins the presidency with 42% of the popular vote.

36. The 1916 Election • The presidential candidates for the election of 1916 were incumbent Woodrow Wilson (Democratic Party), and Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes (Republican Party). • Wilson campaigns on the slogan, “He Kept Us out of War”. • Hughes promises to protect Americans on the seas, but also to be lenient on Germany. • Despite a very close election, Wilson is reelected to office.

37. US Involvement in WW1 • The US entrance to WW1 was driven by the resumption of German U-Boat attacks in the Atlantic against all ships on January 31, 1917, the Zimmerman telegram to Mexico promising a return of “lost territory”, and the establishment of a revolutionary democracy in Russia in March of 1917, finally uniting democracies against monarchies. • Though he initially sought to wait for overt acts before declaring war, Wilson gives his war resolution on April 2, 1914, and Congress declares war against Germany on April 6, 1917.

38. Schenck v. United States • On June 15, 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act, prohibiting attempts to cause insubordination among military personnel, or otherwise interfere with the draft and military personnel. • On June 18, Charles Schenck, general secretary of the Socialist Party of America, was arrested for violating the Espionage Act. He was accused of printing and distribution of 15,000-16,000 anti-war pamphlets to military inductees under the Selective Service Act. • The Socialist Party of America saw war as only beneficial to Wall Street investors and arms manufacturers at the cost of the working class. • Though the District Court for Pennsylvania ruled that Schenck was guilty of violating the Espionage Act, Schenck appealed to the Supreme Court, claiming the Espionage Act violated his First Amendment rights to free speech. • The Supreme Court would rule unanimously that when presenting or otherwise attempting to create a “clear and present danger”, such as interfering with the ability of the nation to wage war, free speech is no longer constitutionally protected.

39. Economics of WW1 Social Impact of WW1 • The US benefited from WW1 economically due to the war loans to Great Britain. • These would shift America from a debtor nation, a country which owes others, to a creditor nation, a country which is owed by others. • Turned against the Central powers by ruthless German U-Boat attacks and insulated from wartime horror by the Committee of Public Information, the majority of the US public supported the war. • The war would result in improved labor conditions, additional employment of women, triggered the Great Migration, the shift of African-Americans northward, and increased anti-immigrant discrimination. • The nearly 2,000,000 German and Austria-Hungarian immigrants in the US were subject to firing, flogging, smearing with tar and feathers, and lynching. • German culture gained an extremely negative connotation in the US. German music was censored, German names were changed, and German literature were removed. Hamburger became “Salisbury steak” or “liberty sandwich”, sauerkraut was renamed “liberty cabbage”, and dachshunds became known as “liberty pups”.

40. The Big 4 and the Treaty of Versailles • The Big 4refers to the top Allied leaders at the Paris Peach conference. It consisted of Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy). • The Treaty of Versailles brought an official end to the war with Germany, stating that Germany must acknowledge its guilt in starting the war and pay 132,000,000,000 marks in reparations (~$33,000,000,000). • Even though so much money was given, many of the countries still think they disserved more from the treaty • These harsh terms would cripple the German economy and people, and pave the way for the rise of the Nazi Party.