1 / 26

20 years of cryogenic particle detectors: past, present and future

20 years of cryogenic particle detectors: past, present and future . 9th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors 23 may 2004, Siena, Italy. Ezio Previtali INFN Sez. Milano Departement of Physics “G. Occhialini” University of Milano-Bicocca. history begin

quasim
Download Presentation

20 years of cryogenic particle detectors: past, present and future

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 20 years of cryogenic particle detectors: past, present and future 9th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors 23 may 2004, Siena, Italy Ezio Previtali INFN Sez. Milano Departement of Physics “G. Occhialini” University of Milano-Bicocca

  2. history begin ~20 years ago Short history of cryogenic particle detectors Workshop on Metastable Superconductor in Particle Physics Paris 14/15 April 1983 In 1984 two important paper was published: E. Fiorini and T. Niinikoski NIM 224 (1984) 83 S. H. Moseley, J. C. Mather, D. McCammon J. Appl. Phys. 56 (1984) 1257 9th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors 23 may 2004, Siena, Italy

  3. Thermalbath G Incoming Particle Thermal Conductance Thermometer E Absorber Crystal C t = C/G Cryogenic Detector Basic Idea Particle interaction in absorber produce DT = E/C Using a suitable thermometer DV/V ~ A (DT/T) Where A is the thermometer sensitivity (in case of resistive sensors)

  4. Temperature range for Cryogenic Particle detectors 5 mK < T < 1 K Heat Capacity contribution Phonons: cLa (T/ TD)3 Debye law (TD - Debye temperature) Electrons: cea (T/TF) (TF - Fermi temperature) for superconductor @ T<Tc csa exp(-2 Tc/T) (Tc - critical temperature) Paramagnetic components Spins Tunneling states Quasi particles To obtain large DT We need small C We must work at low T

  5. Thermometer Technologies Thermistors @ low temperature conduction in hopping regime R(T) = R0 exp (T0/T)g realized in Si or Ge Superconducting Tunnel Junction (STJ) interaction of particle brakes Cooper pairs in superconductor presence of free electron produce an excess current in the junction energy to brakes Cooper pairs of the orders of 10-3 eV Transition Edge Sensors (TES) film operated near superconductor-conductor transition strong variation in resistance after a particle interaction very high sensitivity

  6. X-ray paramagnetic sensor dc SQUID weak thermal link bath Other Thermometer Technologies Capacitive sensors C(T) Inductive sensors L(T) kinetic inductance Magnetization sensors M(T) Piroelectic sensors V(T) no bias supply ??? Sensor: Au:Er Au:Yb Bi2Te3:Er PbTe:Er

  7. Ultimate energy resolution for a Calorimeter Termodinamic fluctuation noise C a Tg (1 < g < 3) Poisson fluctuation give N = (C T) / (kB T) energy fluctuation rms DUrms = √(N) (kB T) = √(C kB T2) We need to consider the thermal sensor: DUrms = x √(C kB T2) where x = 2 √(6/A) for A > 6 A = 6 – 10 for semiconductor thermistor A = 20 – 100 for TES With 1 g Si crystal absorber @ 10 mK Thermometer sensitivity A = 10 We obtain DUrms < 1 eV In reality there are contributions from: Johnson noise of sensors and polarization networks Phonon noise due to possible temperature gradients Electronic noise of amplifier Microphonism ...........

  8. Plexiglass Bax He Liquefier External Lead Shield Cryostat Faraday Cage Pump and Control System Cold Lead Shields Experimental Volume A simple comparison Ionization detectors Measure energy that goes into ionization (1/3 of energy) Statistical fluctuation limits resolution (115 eV @ 6 keV for silicon) Require good electron transport properties only few materials are suitable need strong control on impurities Very well known technology electronic industries Thermal detectors Superconducting Tunnel Juction Analog of semiconductor ionization detector Smaller gap (>30 better energy resolution) More material (but transport problems) Non Equilibrium phonon detector Wide selection of material Sensitivity to non ionizing events Near equilibrium thermal detectors No energy branching Few material restriction High tollerance for impurities Necessary complicated apparatus refrigerators LHe and LN gas liquefiers Very high sensitivity to non ionizing events

  9. Best alpha spectrometer 4.2 keV @ 5.4 MeV Beta spectrum of 187Re for n mass meas. Application Macro calorimeter (m > 1 g) Rare events searches Double beta decay Dark matter Neutrino physics Gamma rays spectroscopy Alpha spectroscopy ..... Micro calorimeters Neutrino mass measurements X ray spectroscopy astrophysics material science Single optical photon spectroscopy Biological fragment measurements .....

  10. First experiment with Cryogenic Particle detectors 1991 Double Beta Decay on 130Te 34 g TeO2 crystal absorber measured for 441 h in LNGS 2003 CUORICINO 40 kg TeO2 segmented detector still running 12 years later

  11. Evolution of bb decay experiment with TeO2 Actual resolution and background comparable with the best germanium

  12. Heat channel NTD Ge Thermistor at the same time Electrodes for charge collection Ionization Channel Hybrid detectors: ionization and heat Semiconductor crystals can be used as: calorimeter ionization detector

  13. g g n n CDMS CDMS Different signal for ionizing and non ionizing events The ratio between ionization and calorimetric signals is different

  14. Neutron Calibration g calibration (rejection ~ 99.99%) EDELWEISS 137Cs g source High rejection efficiency for (non) ionizing events It is possible to discriminate different events with high efficiency

  15. Hybrid detectors: ionization and light We can also measure photons and phonons at the same time: Scintillating calorimeters First scintillating calorimeter (1992) Light read out made with Si photodiode a – b discrimination in CaF2 rejection efficiency ~ 99% Problem: with photodiode threshold is to high for dark matter searches

  16. separate calorimeter as light detector background suppression99.9% > 20 keV W-SPT electron recoils (electrons, g´s) energy in light channel keVee] CRESST CRESST nuclear recoils (neutrons) 300 g CaWO4 W-SPT energy in phonon channel [keV] light reflector Hybrid detectors: ionization and light It is possible to use a calorimeter as light detector

  17. 2 NTD microcalorimeters ~5 eV FWHM energy resolution @ ~ 6 keV NTD High resolution X rays spectroscopy Few possible approaches: semiconductor microcalorimeters (Si or NTD thermistor) STJ magnetic calorimeters (insulators or metals) TES

  18. Energy resolution 3.4 eV High resolution X rays spectroscopy Best results obtained with metallic magnetic calorimeter A. Fleischmann, M. Linck, T. Daniyarov, H. Rotzinger, C. Enss, G.M. Seidel, Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. A 520 (2004)

  19. 3.4 eV 6 eV X rays spectroscopy evolution Cryogenic particle detectors show performances comparable with WDS but: detection efficiency is few order of magnitude larger 2 eV Eg = 6 keV C. Enss, J. Low Temp. Phys. 124, 353 (2001) ionisation detectors

  20. NIST Energy resolving: yes Single optical photon counting High energy resolution allows detection of single optical photons (~1eV) TES performances: Quantum efficiency: normal 20% (optimized coating-> 100%) Wavelength: 100 nm – 10 mm Count rate: <50 kHz (thermal recovery!!) Dark count: none (stray light) Photon number resolving: yes

  21. ESA At l = 500 nm: E/DE = 16.5 ESA STJ for optical astronomy Optical spectrometry with STJ single photon detection photon spectrometry high efficiency vs WDS

  22. Application: Biology Genomics: DNA base sequence in Genome Database Proteomics: Protein amino acids sequence in Protein Database Biologist want: identified proteins characterized proteins look for protein complexes and network Important Analytical methods in life science: X-rays absorption spectrometry Time-of flight mass spectrometry Fluorescence resonance energy transfert Cryogenic detectors: + resolution + broadband efficiency - small size - low speed

  23. Biomolecules embedded in laser light sensitive matrix laser energy absorbed by matrix momentum transferred to massive biomolecules When molecules interact with detector time of flight measurement molecule kinetic energy measurement Time of flight mass spectrometry Microchannel plate detectors lose efficiency for larger mass can’t measure kinetic energy Cryogenic detectors: high detection sensitivities also for larger mass measure kinetic energy (discriminate molecules with different ion charge)

  24. Application: Material Science Cryogenic particle detectors can measure BEFS: Beta Environmental Fine Structure The presence of lattice atoms produce an interference pattern for b electrons The interference pattern modulate the energy distribution of b electrons AgReO4 crystal

  25. Future Macro calorimeters In the next few years many new experiments will be realized: CUORE: ~ 1 ton TeO2 segmented detector for DBD approved by LNGS scientific committee CRESST II: 33 CaWO4 crystals with light and heat measurement upgrade started EDELWEISS II: 21 more detectors (2005) CDMS: measurements at Sudan Mine (2005) CRYOARRAY: dark matter at 1 ton scale under studies Micro calorimeters Experiments: MiBeta: 200 MC for n mass measurements (2006) MANU: development of new n mass measurements Constellation X: developments of TES array for X rays astr. ...... NASA: new thermistor arrays for satellite X ray measurements ...... ESA: installation of new array for optical spectrometry ...... Cryogenics Pulse Tube: new refrigerators without LHe and LN

  26. References Proceeding of the conference: 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors will be published on NIM A 520 (2004)

More Related