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Enlargement

Enlargement . Kaoru Katata & Yusuke Arima. Table of Contents. Why Expand ? Enlargement Rounds: the History of Enlargement The Integration Process Copenhagen Criteria

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Enlargement

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  1. Enlargement Kaoru Katata & Yusuke Arima

  2. Table of Contents • Why Expand? • Enlargement Rounds: the History of Enlargement • The Integration Process • Copenhagen Criteria • The Future of Enlargement; Applying Countries and Future Possibilities

  3. Why Expand?

  4. States Joining the EU Pros Cons Loss of sovereignty →All rules apply to all members Increased influence of other countries Threatens national identity • Free trade/ no tariffs between member states • Free movement of citizens • Financial aid & support for small countries • Recognition as a democratic country

  5. EU Integrating More States Pros Cons Difficulties reaching an agreement Diverse culture, society, economy Higher risk of burden → A rotten apple spoils the barrel • Becomes a more important global actor • Larger internal market • Wider eurozone • Convergence in living standards

  6. Countries Want to Join/EU Wants to Accept Because… Pros > Cons Not in the case of Norway…

  7. Enlargement Rounds: the History of Enlargement

  8. Chronological Table Original Members Mediterranean Round 10+2 Round 1957 1981~1986 2004~2007 1973 1995 2013 First Round EFTAn Round Croatia

  9. EC States of 1957 • Italy • West Germany • France • Netherlands • Luxemburg • Belgium

  10. Chronological Table Original Members Mediterranean Round 10+2 Round 1957 1981~1986 2004~2007 1973 1995 2013 First Round EFTAn Round Croatia

  11. First Enlargement Round (1973) • United Kingdom • Denmark • Ireland

  12. Reasons for Joining the EC • UK- Decrease in political / economic influence →UK no longer being a superpower/ EC outperforming the UK • Denmark & Ireland- Because the UK decided to join →Strong economic and historical links with UK

  13. Chronological Table Original Members Mediterranean Round 10+2 Round 1957 1981~1986 2004~2007 1973 1995 2013 First Round EFTAn Round Croatia

  14. Mediterranean Round (1981&1986) • Greece (1981) • Spain (1986) • Portugal (1986)

  15. Reasons for Joining the EC • Greece- End of coup de tat (1974) →Underpin democracy/ consolidation of Western European & Western Alliance bonds • Spain- Death of General Franco (1975) • Portugal- Overthrow of Caetano regime (1975) • All were economically not ready, but EC members wanted to politically stabilize southern Europe.

  16. Chronological Table Original Members Mediterranean Round 10+2 Round 1957 1981~1986 2004~2007 1973 1995 2013 First Round EFTAn Round Croatia

  17. EFTAn Round (1995) • Austria • Finland • Sweden

  18. Reasons for Joining the EU • Austria and Sweden did not need to be “neutral” →end of the cold war • EC-EFTA relationship was unsatisfactory →EFTA countries had no say in formulate trading rules • Switzerland applied, but was not ratified.

  19. Chronological Table Original Members Mediterranean Round 10+2 Round 1957 1981~1986 2004~2007 1973 1995 2013 First Round EFTAn Round Croatia

  20. The 10 + 2 Round (2004~2007) • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Estonia • Hungary • Latvia • Lithuania • Malta • Poland • Slovakia • Slovenia • Bulgaria (2007) • Romania (2007)

  21. Reasons for Joining the EU • Wanted to establish a politically democratic and market-based economic system. (EU offered frameworks and policies to pin such systems) • Wanted to join the symbol of “New Europe”.

  22. However… • EU members thought of CEES joining the EU as unrealistic, as they did not meet their demands. • Copenhagen Criteria (membership requirements) was laid down in 1993.

  23. Chronological Table Original Members Mediterranean Round 10+2 Round 1957 1981~1986 2004~2007 1973 1995 2013 First Round EFTAn Round Croatia

  24. July 1, 2013- Croatia • Free trade • Free movement of people within EU →increase in sightseeing

  25. The Integration Process

  26. Steps to Membership • START: submit an application to the EU's Council of Ministers • The Commission: opinion • The Council: confirm the candidate status decide to open accession negotiation →Negotiation starts!

  27. Screen on chapters of theaquis • The Commission: examine and write a screening report on requirements • EU: open chapters • the applicant: present a position • Agreement • Close chapters

  28. List of Aquis

  29. Draft Treaty of Accession • The EU and the applicant state: agree • The Commission: opinion • The EP: assent • Member states and the applicant: sign • Signatory states: ratify according to national procedures

  30. Draft Treaty of Accession • treaty comes into force • FINISH: gain membership

  31. Copenhagen Criteria

  32. Why Do We Need It? • Increased number of potential applicant states since the 1980s. • Countries in Central and Eastern Europe were in transformation from communism to Western models. • Member states wereafraid that accepting so many new countries without adequate preparation does the EU harm • Enlargement process was based on the Article 237 of the EEC treaty

  33. Article 237 • Any European State may apply to become a member of the Community. It shall address its application to the Council, which shall act unanimously after obtaining the opinion of the Commission. The conditions of admission and the adjustments to this Treaty necessitated thereby shall be the subject of an agreement between the Member States and the applicant State. This agreement shall be submitted for ratification by all the Contracting States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements.

  34. What Are the Requirements? • Stable institutions which guarantees democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. • Afunctioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces in the EU. • Presupposition that the country is able to fulfill the obligations of membership including persistence to the aims of political , economic and monetary union.

  35. To Gain Membership, States Must Respect: • Liberty • Democracy • Fundamental freedoms • Human rights

  36. Criticism against Copenhagen Criteria • The EU require higher standards of new members than it does of existing members • The leverage is not effective after the applicant state becomes a member.

  37. The Future of Enlargement; Applying Countries and Future Possibilities

  38. Currently Applying Countries • Turkey • Iceland • Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia)

  39. How Can Europe Be Defined? • Article 49 of the Treaty on the European Union- “Any European State may apply to become a member …”

  40. Geographically? • What are the geographical boundaries? (Ural Mountains/ Caspian Sea)

  41. Shared Values? Cited from “Eurobarometer” http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb69/eb69_values_en.pdf

  42. Other European organizations • have a wider membership than the EU • ex) Council of Europe → Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, etc • Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe(OSCE) →Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Canada, US, etc

  43. Discussion Questions • To what extent should the EU enlarge? ・Stop enlarging? 　・Expand within Europe? If so, what is “Europe”? 　・Accept non-European countries?

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