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Prologue & Chapter 1

Prologue & Chapter 1. Week 2. Homework for the Week. Monday 8/26 Chpt 1 31-38 Tuesday 8/27 Chpt 1 39-44 Block Day 8/28 & 8/29 Study for test *Optional: Work on chapter review questions *Optional: Test review at lunch on Thursday Friday 8/30 Chpt 2 46-51. Agenda: Monday 8/26/13.

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Prologue & Chapter 1

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  1. Prologue & Chapter 1 Week 2

  2. Homework for the Week • Monday 8/26 • Chpt 1 31-38 • Tuesday 8/27 • Chpt 1 39-44 • Block Day 8/28 & 8/29 • Study for test • *Optional: Work on chapter review questions • *Optional: Test review at lunch on Thursday • Friday 8/30 • Chpt 2 46-51

  3. Agenda: Monday 8/26/13 • The scientific method overview • Pros and Cons of various types of research • Application • Homework for the week: • Monday 8/26 • Chpt 1 31-38 • Tuesday 8/27 • Chpt 1 39-44 • Block Day 8/28 & 8/29 • Study for test • *Optional: Work on chapter review questions • *Optional: Test review at lunch on Thursday • Friday 8/30 • Chpt 2 46-51

  4. The Scientific Method • Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct theories that organize observations and imply testable hypotheses. • Replication: • Repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances • Usually with different participants in different situations

  5. Pros and Cons of various types of research

  6. Application • When would you use the following types of research: • Case Study • Naturalistic Observation • Survey • Brainstorm with your neighbors a research experiment for each of the aforementioned categories. • Share with the class • A modified naturalistic observation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRX31HOikws

  7. Agenda: Tuesday 8/27/13 • Correlation & Causation • Review HW • Experimentation Ethics • Experimentation Design • Homework for the week: • Monday 8/26 • Chpt 1 31-38 • Tuesday 8/27 • Chpt 1 39-44 • Block Day 8/28 & 8/29 • Study for test • *Optional: Work on chapter review questions • *Optional: Test review at lunch on Thursday • Friday 8/30 • Chpt 2 46-51

  8. Explaining Research Results: Correlation

  9. *Important!! Correlation/Association does not prove causation

  10. Review HW: pgs 31-38 • What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group? • Why must individuals be randomly assigned to the groups? • What is a double-blind procedure? • If we were to perform an experiment to understand the role that ethnicity may play in the length of a prison sentence, what would be the variables? • Independent • Dependent • Confounding

  11. Experimentation Ethics • Do no harm. • Accurately describe risks to potential subjects. • Ensure that participation is voluntary. • Minimize any discomfort to participants. • Maintain confidentiality. • Do not unnecessarily invade privacy. • Remove any misconceptions caused by deception (debrief). • Provide results and interpretations to participants. • Treat participants with dignity and respect

  12. Statistical Reasoning: Review • Mode • the most frequently occurring score in a distribution • Mean • the arithmetic average of a distribution • obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores • Median • the middle score in a distribution • half the scores are above it and half are below it

  13. Graphic Analysis

  14. Manipulating Statistics • A real estate agent boasts: “The average household income in this neighborhood is $100,000/year.” (i.e. you want to live here because wealthy families live here) • Let’s look at the data: • House 1: 45,000 • House 1: 33,000 • House 1: 60,000 • House 1: 350,000 • House 1: 75,000 • House 1: 45,000 • House 1: 150,000 • House 1: 48,000

  15. 100% 99 98 97 96 95 Percentage still functioning after 10 years Our Brand Brand Brand Brand X Y Z Brand of truck Statistical Reasoning

  16. 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage still functioning after 10 years Our Brand Brand Brand Brand X Y Z Brand of truck Statistical Reasoning

  17. Experimentation Design • W/ a partner or small group: design an all class experiment. • Explain the experiment • Follow the ethical guidelines • What is your research question? • What is your hypothesis? • What are your variables? • Will there be an experimental group and a control group? • How will your results be measured? • How will your results be displayed? • *I will pick the one that we will do on block day.

  18. Agenda: Block Day 8/28 & 8/29 • Class Experiment  • What Would You Do? Part 2 • Homework for the week: • Monday 8/26 • Chpt 1 31-38 • Tuesday 8/27 • Chpt 1 39-44 • Block Day 8/28 & 8/29 • Study for test • *Optional: Work on chapter review questions • *Optional: Test review at lunch on Thursday • Friday 8/30 • Chpt 2 46-51

  19. Class Experiment: Class divided into 4 groups Please place yourself in group 1 if you do not have headphones with you.

  20. LCD Screen Closet Group 2 (headphones) Group 1 (no headphones) Windows White Board Group 4 (headphones) Group 3 (headphones) Computer Desk Bookshelf Table White Board

  21. Experiment Overview • Each group will take a test. • Group 1 will take the test with no auditory distractions • Groups 2-4 will take the test with an assigned piece of music. You must put the piece of music on repeat and only listen to the assigned piece for your designated group. • Group 2: • Katy Perry “Roar • YouTube: Katy Perry - Roar (Audio) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEI8cwMExu4 • Group 3 • PSY “Gentleman” • YouTube: PSY - Gentleman (Full Audio) CDQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOyReZkAnik • Group 4 • Adagio for Strings • YouTube: Samuel Barber - Adagio for Strings • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izQsgE0L450 • At the end of the test we will score the answers and determine if the music that was being listened to impacted the score on the test.

  22. Data Analysis • What were the variables? • Independent • Dependent • Confounding • What is your hypothesis? • Scoring (on the next slide)

  23. Answers: Please score your own sheet • 1. C: "Whom" is the correct form for an indirect object, not "who," which is only •  used as a subject. • 2. A: The correct past tense of "to lie" is "lay." "Laid" is only the past tense of the transitive verbform, i.e. one that takes a direct object, e.g. "She laid the book on the table." • 3. E: This sentence is correct as it is written. • 4. E: This sentence is correct as it is written. • 5. D: "Sue and I" is incorrect as a direct object and would only be correct as a subject, e.g. "Sue and I had always had trouble with science." As an object, one would not write "Science had always given I trouble" but "Science had always given me trouble." Therefore, it should also be "Sue and me." • 6. D: The correct adverb (telling how) to modify the verb "sleep" is "soundly." "Sound" is an adjective and would only modify a noun, e.g. "Sound sleep is important to your health." • 7. D: Both verbal direct objects modifying the same verb ("like") should agree. Since the gerund "skiing" comes first in this sentence, it should be followed by "and skating." (If one prefers the infinitive form, seen in this sentence's second object, then both should match: "…I usually like to ski and to skate.") Mixing forms causes disagreement. • 8. E: This sentence is correct as it is written. • 9. E: This sentence is correct as it is written. • 10. C: The plural noun "many" (suggestions) requires the plural auxiliary verb "have" rather than the singular "has" with "been rejected." • 11. C: "Justices'" is used here as a noun, not a name/title/proper noun (e.g. "Justice Kagan"), and so should not be capitalized. • 12. C: The verb should be "are," not "is", in order to agree with the plural pronoun "they."

  24. Answers: Please score your own sheet • 13. A: The correct present perfect tense of the intransitive verb "to lie" is "have lain," not "have laid." The latter is only correct when transitive, i.e. taking an object, e.g. "We have always laid these books on this table." • 14. C: The correct adverb to modify the verb "leave" is "quickly." "Quick" is an adjective and can only modify a noun, e.g. "You had better make a quick trip home if you want to avoid the storm." • 15. D: The correct spelling for this meaning is "illusion," meaning a false or deceptive appearance. "Allusion" is a different word meaning an indirect reference, e.g. "The poem's use of threes is an allusion to the trinity." • 16. A: The word "infer" is incorrectly substituted here for "imply." Mr. Smith would imply, i.e. hint or suggest in what he said; his students would infer, i.e. deduce from or read into what he said. • 17. E: This sentence is correct as it is written. • 18. D: There should be a comma between "luckily" and "I copied…" "Luckily" is an introductory word here for the second of two independent clauses. Introductory words like "however," "therefore," "fortunately," etc. should be followed by commas. • 19. B: "Amount" is used with mass, collective, or non-count nouns, e.g. a large amount of water. In this sentence, "representatives" is a plural count noun, so it should read "…the total number of representatives…" rather than "amount." • 20. D: "Etc." is the standard abbreviation for the Latin phrase "et cetera" (translated from Greek), which means literally "and the rest." Since "et" means "and," to say or write "and etc." is redundant, i.e. saying "and" twice. • 21. B: The verb must be the singular "concerns" to agree with the subject "clean air." The plural nouns "clean lakes and rivers" are introduced by the prepositional phrase "as well as" and are part of this phrase, which modifies the subject. The predicate (verb) agrees with the subject, not its modifier. Only if "and" were substituted for "as well as" would the predicate be plural. • 22. E: This sentence is correct as it is written. • 23. E: This sentence is correct as it is written. • 24. D: The correct personal pronoun here should be "me" as a direct object rather than "myself." The latter is a special object (direct or indirect), used only reflexively, i.e. "I introduced myself to the class." The committee cannot audition "myself." Only I can audition myself; you can audition yourself; they can audition themselves, etc.

  25. Data Analysis • How should we present this information? • Graphic analysis • Conclusions that we can draw? • Does the data support our hypothesis? • What could be improved? Replicated? • Research Flaws? • Ethical Issues?

  26. What would you do? • Bike Theft: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge7i60GuNRg

  27. Agenda: Friday 8/30/13 • Prologue & Chapter 1 Test • Work on notes for Monday when you finish the test. • Homework for the week: • Monday 8/26 • Chpt 1 31-38 • Tuesday 8/27 • Chpt 1 39-44 • Block Day 8/28 & 8/29 • Study for test • *Optional: Work on chapter review questions • *Optional: Test review at lunch on Thursday • Friday 8/30 • Chpt 2 46-51

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