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Chapter 6

Chapter 6 Lecture. Chapter 6. The Skeletal System: Axial Division. Frederic Martini Michael Timmons Robert Tallitsch. Introduction. The axial skeleton: skull Vertebral column Rib cage Sternum ribs. Introduction. Figure 6.1a The Axial Skeleton. The Skull and Associated Bone.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Lecture Chapter 6 The Skeletal System: Axial Division Frederic Martini Michael Timmons Robert Tallitsch

  2. Introduction • The axial skeleton: • skull • Vertebral column • Rib cage • Sternum • ribs

  3. Introduction Figure 6.1a The Axial Skeleton

  4. The Skull and Associated Bone Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull

  5. Sutures Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull

  6. Sutures Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull

  7. Sutures Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull

  8. The Skulls of Infants - Fontanels Figure 6.18 The Skulls of Infants

  9. The Cranium • The cranial cavity is a chamber that supports and protects the brain. • Bones of the cranium are the: • Occipital • Parietal (2) • Frontal • Temporal (2) • Sphenoid • Ethmoid

  10. Occipital Bone Figure 6.6a,b The Occipital Bone

  11. Occipital Bone Figure 6.3e Inferior View of Skull

  12. Frontal Bone Figure 6.7 The Frontal Bone

  13. Parietal Bone Figure 6.6c The Parietal Bone

  14. Temporal Bone Figure 6.8 The Temporal Bone

  15. Temporal Bone Figure 6.3e Inferior View of the Skull

  16. Sphenoid Bone Figure 6.9 The Sphenoid Bone

  17. Sphenoid

  18. Ethmoid Bone Figure 6.10 The Ethmoid

  19. Ethmoid

  20. Ethmoid in Skull

  21. The Cranial Fossae Figure 6.11a The Cranial Fossae

  22. The Cranial Fossae Figure 6.11b The Cranial Fossae

  23. The Facial Bones • The skull contains 14 total facial bones: • Paired bones: • Maxillae • Palatine • Nasal • Zygomatic • Lacrimal • Inferior nasal conchae • Single bones: • Vomer • Mandible

  24. Maxillary Bones Figure 6.12a,b The Maxillae

  25. The Palatine Bones Figure 6.13 The Palatine Bones

  26. The orbital complex Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex

  27. The Orbital and Nasal Complexes FZLEMPS Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex

  28. The Inferior Nasal Conchae Figure 6.16a,b The Nasal Complex

  29. The Inferior Nasal Conchae Figure 6.16c,d The Nasal Complex

  30. The Vomer Figure 6.5 Sectional View of the Skull

  31. The Mandible Figure 6.14 The Mandible

  32. The Orbital and Nasal Complexes Figure 6.16a The Nasal Complex

  33. Paranasal Sinuses • Are the interconnected hollow spaces inside the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones. • These spaces reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and allow air to resonate for voice production. • Frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and the ethmoidal air cells

  34. ParanasalSinues

  35. The Hyoid Bone Figure 6.17 The Hyoid Bone

  36. 22 Bones of the Skull: 8 form the cranium: Occipital Parietal (2) Frontal Temporal (2) Sphenoid Ethmoid 14 total facial bones: Paired bones: Maxillae Palatine Nasal Zygomatic Lacrimal Inferior nasal conchae Single bones: Vomer Mandible Review of the Skull The Skull PLAY

  37. The Vertebral Column • The adult vertebral column has ~33 bones: • Vertebra (24), sacrum ( 5 fused into 1), and coccyx (3 – 5 fused into1) • Performs several functions: • Encloses and protects the spinal cord • Supports the skull • Supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk • Transfers weight to the lower limbs • Helps maintain the upright position of the body

  38. The Vertebral Column • Divided into regions from superior to inferior: • Cervical (7) • Thoracic (12) • Lumbar (5) • Sacral (1); 5 fused vertebrae • Coccygeal (1); 3–5 fused vertebrae

  39. Spinal Curves • Spinal curves are weight transferring anterior and posterior curves. • The spinal curves are named for the region of the vertebral column they occur in: • Cervical curve • Thoracic curve • Lumbar curve • Sacral curve Vertebral Column PLAY

  40. Vertebral Anatomy Figure 6.20a,b,c Vertebral Anatomy

  41. Vertebral Anatomy Figure 6.20d,e Vertebral Anatomy

  42. Intervertebral disk

  43. Cervical Vertebrae • There are seven total; they are the smallest, most superior vertebrae. • The spinous processes: relatively stumpy; may be split, resulting in a bifid process. • Have Transverse foramina • Superior articular facet faces up • Inferior articular facet faces down • No rib facets • C1 and C2 special – Atlas and Axis

  44. The Atlas (C1) • The atlas has no body and articulates cranially with the occipital condyles. • The articulations with the occipital condyles allow one to shake their head “yes”.  • The atlas has two arches, the anterior and posterior vertebral arches. • Superior and inferior articular facets do not extend beyond the arches.

  45. The Atlas (C1) Figure 6.22a,b The Atlas and Axis

  46. The Axis (C2) • The body of the atlas fuses with the body of the axis during development to form the dens (odontoid process). • There is no intervertebral disc because of the dens. • The articulation between the atlas and axis allow one to shake their head “no”.

  47. The Axis (C2) Figure 6.22c–f The Atlas and Axis

  48. Cervical Vertebrae • Bifid spinous • Transverse foramen • Superior articular facet faces superiorly

  49. Thoracic Vertebrae • There are 12 total; make up the posterior of the rib cage. • The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae have a heart shape. • The spinous process is long and slender and points on a posterocaudal angle. • The transverse processes point dorsolateral. • Articulates with ribs and therefore contain extra facets. Typical Thoracic Vertebrae PLAY

  50. Thoracic Vertebrae • Facets for ribs

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