Chapter 15 Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation

1. Chapter 15 Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation

2. US Land Acquisitions 1803-1853

3. 15.2 The Louisiana Territory • Farmers settling west of Appalachians wanted to float crops down Mississippi through port of New Orleans • Louisiana Territory from Mississippi all the way to Rocky Mountains; owned by France • Napoleon wanted to use land for French farmers

4. “A Noble Bargain” • Two problems emerge for France • France lost colonies in Caribbean; no need for Louisiana • France and Great Britain on brink of war; did not want to lose land to British • Sold for $15 million

5. The Purchase Debate • Opponents of the purchase • Impossible to govern such a large nation • Did not have the money to buy • Jefferson went beyond his Constitutional rights as president • Ratified in Congress in 1803

6. Manifest Destiny • The idea that the United States had the right/duty to expand westward in North America

7. 15.3 Florida • Spanish unwilling to sell Florida • Southern farmers upset by Seminole raids • Andrew Jackson enters Florida to protect farmers, creates problems • Monroe sends message (advice from John Quincy Adams) “Govern Florida properly, or get out” • Spain fearful of war, cedes Florida for $5 million • Still keeps Texas

8. 15.4 Texas • Land of Texas valuable because of cotton • Stephen F. Austin settles in Texas (then owned by Mexico) with “Old Three Hundred” • Tensions between American settlers and Tejanos(Texans of Mexican descent) • Mexico closes Texas to US immigration • Stephen F. Austin goes to plead with General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna; thrown in jail • The Alamo • Santa Anna kills 180 Texan volunteers; Davy Crockett • Sam Houston draws Santa Anna east; surprise attack and Anna is captured • Texas becomes independent • Polk annexes Texas 10 years later

9. 15.5 Oregon Country • Great Britain vs. US for control • Claimed by Lewis and Clark • Early settlers were missionaries • Pioneers followed when vast fertile land was discovered • Polk did not want to risk war to claim territory • Used the 49th parallel as a boundary

10. 15.6 The Mexican-American War • Polk’s main goal: expand US west • Tensions rise after annexation of Texas • Mexicans fire on US troops near Rio Grande, starting the Mexican-American War • General Stephen Curry leads an army that occupies New Mexico • Little to no opposition • John C. Fremont rebels and takes over California • Zachary Taylor leads troops into Mexico • He and General Winfield Scott fight their way to Mexico City and seize capital • Sign Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo giving them west of Texas, see map • Bought land for $15 million and protected Mexicans living in lands

11. Chapter 16 Life in the West

12. 16.2 Explorers • Lewis and Clark Expedition • Left in 1804 • Contact Indians interested in trade • Find the Northwest Passage • Find out what the US got with Louisiana Purchase • Up the Missouri River • Made camp in North Dakota • A fur trapper (Shoshone) joined with his wife Sacagawea • To the Pacific and Back • Reach Rockies in summer of 1805 • Meet Sacagawea’s brother who provides them materials • Reached Pacific in winter of 1805 • Explorer’s legacy • Mapped route to Pacific • Established relations with Western Indians

13. 16.3 The Californios • Junipero Serra, Spanish missionary, looked to convert Indians to Catholicism • Created missions from San Diego to San Francisco • Missions to convert were deadly • California came under Mexican control, turned land into ranchos • Ranchos were massive, most important resource was cattle ranching • US took California in war with Mexico

14. 16.4 The Mountain Men • Lewis and Clark reinvigorated the fur trade • Adventurous men looking for money had to combat dangers • Indians • Bears • Fur thieves • Their adventures also helped explore/settle the West

15. 16.5 Missionaries • Indian group Nez Perce sent party to St. Louis about “black book” • Missionaries set out on Oregon Trail to move west • Difficulties but ultimately promise with conversion of Nez Perce chiefs • Many Americans joined westward movement • Brought with them weapons, tools and disease • Missionaries were remembered for opening up the west to settlement

16. 16.6 The Pioneer Women • Women expected to do same work at home, on the trail • Wash clothes, cook, take care of kids • Women had to face dangers like disease, stampedes, Indian attacks • All of these hardships helped changed status of women • Many went on to teach Indians they encountered • Women were strong and necessary to keep families together

17. 16.7 The Mormons • Brigham Young helped form settlement in modern day Utah • Many Mormons were persecuted in the east, so moved west • Young helps develop church while adapting to new environment • First to occupy Great Basin; pioneered new farming and irrigation systems out west

18. 16.8 The Forty-Niners • Gold discovered in California, many rush West to find fortune • Started in 1849, those who moved called forty-niners • Settlers included Americans, Chinese, Australians, South Americans • Most were men • Due to huge increase in populations growth in… • Mines • Crime • Prices • Mining was very difficult and tedious • After a few years, the gold dried up

19. 16.9 The Chinese • More than 20,000 Chinese had ventured across the Pacific to California • Welcomed at first but as gold dried up and jobs were scarce they were persecuted • Most stayed in US and helped develop West • Mining • Farming • factories